A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FORESTRY MARKET VALUE CHAIN

A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FORESTRY MARKET VALUE CHAIN 2016 Directorate Marketing Tel: 012 319 8455 Private Bag X 15 Fax: 012 319 8131 Arcadia E-mail:MogalaM@daff.gov.za 0007 www.daff.gov.za

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY... 3 1.1. Production trends... 3 1.2. Employment status in 2012... 6 2. WORLD CONSUMPTION TRENDS... 6 3. MARKET STRUCTURE... 7 3.1. Export volumes of forestry and wood products... 7 3.2 Share Analysis... 41 3.3 Import volumes of forestry and wood products... 43 4. MARKET VALUE CHAIN... 64 5. MARKET ACCESS... 65 6. MARKET INTELLIGENCE... 67 7. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS... 127 8. ROLE PLAYERS... 127 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 130 2

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY South Africa is lightly forested with 1.3 million hectares, in terms of land use or about 1% of the total South African land area of 122,4 million ha. In some arid regions, forests are found on the river banks or within protected kloofs of South African land scape. These forests are scattered eastwards from the Cape Peninsula through the Outeniqua and Tsitsikama Mountains of the Western Cape Province with 4.0% in terms of hectorage, the coast of the Eastern Cape at 11.6%, into KwaZulu-Natal at 39.9%. Northwards, forests are distributed along Drakensburg Mountains and KwaZulu-Natal. Mpumalanga Province is the biggest producer of forest and wood products at 40.5% and Limpopo Province at 3.9%. Forestry and wood products provides a range of wood and non-wood products, as well as social and environmental services, such as the conservation of soil, water and biological diversity. Wood and wood products as the main commercial products of forests include fuel wood and charcoal (particularly important in developing countries. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region in general specializes in raw commodities, which are subject to international commodity prices. Of course these commodities need to be marketed as effectively as possible so that they can benefit SADC countries as foreign exchange earners. Forestry and wood based products are categorized according to the harmonized system (HS), an international method for classifying products for trade purposes. Categories are as follows: plantation forestry, wood chip, sawmilling, wood charcoal, timber board, mining timber, paper (Newsprint) paper (kraftliner) and poles and treated poles. 1.1. Production trends The total commercial timber plantation area in 2015 period was 1 224 456 hectares as compared to 1 257 341 hectares in 2007/2008 period. The private sector ownership timber plantations accounts for 83% of the total plantation area in 2015. Pine species cover approximately (50.6%), Eucalyptus cover about 41.8%, Wattle is at 7.0% and other is at 0.4%. The value of pulp sales from primary processing plants during the 2011 period was estimated at R11.5 billion, lumber at R5.0 billion, wood chips at 1.6 billion, panels at R2.0 billion, mining timber R400 million and other unspecified primary processing plants was estimated at R1.3 billion. The conversion from one specie to another specie was (8 230 ha) in 2015 as compared to 8 843 hectares whilst the conversion from forestry to other agricultural uses was (823 ha) in 2015 as compared to 697 hectares. Total new afforestation amounted to (389 805 ha) between 1980 and 2015 period. 3

Figure 1: Plantation area by Provinces in 2015 11.6% 3.9% 4.0% 40.5% 39.9% Mpumalanga KwaZulu Natal Eastern Cape Limpopo Western Cape Source: DAFF, Forestry Branch Figure 1 depicts provincial plantation areas in South Africa during 2015. The graph further depicts that Mpumalanga was the most producing province in terms of forestry and wood production with 40.5% share, followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 39.9% share, Eastern Cape with 11.6% share, Western Cape with 4.0% and Limpopo with 3.9% share. Wattle 7% Figure 2: Plantantion by species in 2015 Other 0% Eucalyptus 42% Pine 51% Pine Eucalyptus Wattle Other Source: DAFF Forestry Branch Figure 2 shows plantation areas by species that were planted in South Africa during 2015. The graph further shows that South Africa planted about 51 percent of pine in 2015, followed by 42% of Eucalyptus, 7% was wattle and o.4% was other species. 4

Figure 3: Plantation by Ownership in 2015 Corporate SAFCOL Commercial farmer State/ Municipal Corporate (Ex Safcol) Small growers 12% 4% 7% 50% 17% 10% Source: DAFF Forestry Branch Figure 3 indicates plantation areas by ownership in South Africa during 2015. The graph further indicates that Corporate owned the largest percentage of forestry plantations at 50.0% followed by Commercial farmers at 17.2%, Corporates (ex-safcol) at 11.7%, Safcol at 10.4% and the state at 7.0%. The figure indicates that only 3.7% of forestry and wood products were owned by small growers in South Africa. Table 1: Comparison of different plantations by South African provinces between 2014 and 2015. Province 2014 2015 Afforested Area Afforested Area Private (ha) % Public (ha) % Limpopo 16 1.8 0 0 Mpumalanga 322 36.2 0 0 KwaZulu-Natal 519 58.4 0 0 Western Cape 032 03.6 0 0 TOTAL 889 100 0 0 Source: DAFF Forestry Branch Table 1 shows comparison between provinces with plantation areas and hectares of land under private and public land areas during 2014 / 2015 period. The table further shows that in both 2014 and 2015 years, KwaZulu-Natal Province dominated in terms of the size of afforested areas at about 58.4% respectively. Mpumalanga Province was the second largest with 36.2% in 2014 and 0.00 in 2015 in terms of the afforested areas. The third biggest was the Eastern Cape Province with 1.8% in 2014 and 0.00% in 2015 in terms of the areas planted. 5

1.2. Employment status in 2015 The forestry industry is of considerable importance to the national economy and to large numbers of poor people living in remote rural areas. The forestry and wood products industry has forward and backward linkages in the South African economy. The forest products industry in the country, contributing some 9% to the overall export of manufactured goods and earning net foreign exchange of approximately R25.76 billion in 2015. The net foreign exchange has increased by 23% as compared to 2014 trade year. Total forestry employment in South Africa equals 158 400 people, of which 111 600 is estimated as direct jobs, indirect employment is estimated at 48 800 and 39 500 are small growers and their helpers. Downstream value adding: It is estimated that 534 000 people are dependent on plantation forestry for their livelihoods. 2. WORLD CONSUMPTION TRENDS Although suitable and cost-competitive substitutes for wood, made for example from fossil fuels, are increasingly becoming available, woods major advantage is the fact that it is environmentally friendly. On the other hand, significant forecast felling aids environmental degeneration by contributing to the increase in atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide. Between 1980 and 1995, forestlands decreased by almost 200 million hectares in developing countries and increased by only about 20 million hectares in developed countries, resulting in a net loss of 180 million hectares. Developed countries produce and consume almost 80% of the world s industrial wood. Approximately one quarter of all industrial wood enters international trade and about 80% of both exports and imports of forest products come from developed countries. However, developing countries, notably in Asia and Latin America, are becoming significant where trade in forest products is concerned. Since such trade is expected to increase in future, it will be necessary to offset projected wood deficits, as shown in the table below. Table 2: Forecast of the world timber supply between 2010-2020 REGION 2010 2020 Oceania (New Zealand & Australia) 58 74 South America 158 190 North & Central America 503 539 Europe and the Baltics 330 355 Asia 217 288 Africa 66 70 Russia 130 160 Top supply 1,461 1,616 Forecast demand 1,801 2,100 Forecast shortfall 340 484 Source: TIPS 6

Export quantity (tons) Table 2 indicates forecast of the world timber supply by regions between 2010 and 2020 period. The future demand for wood will be driven by global population growth, increasing living standards and wood s cost competitiveness relative to substitute products. Table 2 further indicates projections of wood supply and demand across the globe from 2010 to 2020. The main suppliers will clearly still be the Northern Hemisphere countries, followed by Asia and South America. Given the forecast demand for wood, SADC has an opportunity to increase its wood supply into world markets over this period. The forecast also gives an indication of countries and regions which might be future potential markets for SADC countries. 3. MARKET STRUCTURE Major export volumes of paper, wood and articles of wood from South Africa to the world mainly landed in Africa and fewer volumes landed in Asia, Americas, Europe and Oceania during the period between 2006 and 2015. 3.1. Export volumes of forestry and wood products Figure 4 indicates volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) export from South Africa to various regions of the world between 2006 and 2015. Source: Quantec EasyData The figure indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major export market for newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to the world was Africa, followed by very low or intermittent levels of exports to the Americas. The figure also indicates that in 2006, there was no export volume of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to the world except for Africa due to the short supply that was experienced by the country during that period. The figure further indicates that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to Africa started to increase in 2006 7 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Figure 4: Export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to the world 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 4222 23191 46584 47460 67011 61019 53658 51397 36944 35697 Americas 0 0 2535 0 225 2550 1772 0 0 50 Asia 0 0 93 519 521 2028 0 33 0 2350 Europe 0 20 200 425 130 34 48 33 66 33 Oceania 0 0 0 316 48 22 0 96 0 0 Period (Years)

Export quanity (tons) until a peak was attained in 2010 at an export quantity of about 67 011 tons. The figure also indicates that between 2011 and 2014, there was a consistent decline in exports volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to Africa of about 36 944 tons. The slight decline in export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to Africa represents 3.37% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 5 shows export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Africa between 2006 and 2015. Figure 5: Export volumes of newsprint paper i(n rolls or sheets) to Africa 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 871 4347 19996 16358 18547 12542 6744 7184 2978 2974 Middle Africa Rest 0 45 49 58 75 25 116 168 0 0 Northern Africa 0 0 0 298 27 0 0 0 0 0 Western Africa 15 7752 10609 9989 13325 5886 4301 4790 1342 2158 SADC (excluding SACU) 3335 11047 15930 20757 26771 31401 30692 27299 22814 19854 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 8265 11165 11804 11955 9809 10711 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The graph shows that newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Africa went to SADC, followed by Eastern Africa and Western Africa between 2006 and 2015. The graph also shows that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to SADC attained a peak in 2011 at an export quantity of approximately 31 401 tons, while export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to Eastern Africa attained a peak in 2008 and 2010 respectively at an export quantity of approximately 19 996 and 18 547 tons respectively. The graph further shows that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to Western Africa attained a peak in 2010 at an export quantity of approximately 13 325 tons. The graph also shows that in 2006, there were no export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa into SACU, Northern Africa and Middle Rest Africa due to the short supply that was experienced by the country during that period. The graph further shows that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to SADC, Eastern and Western Africa experienced a decline in 2012 and 2014. The slight decline in export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to SADC represents 9.20% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 6 depicts export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the SADC region between 2006 and 2015. 8

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 6: Export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to SADC excluding SACU 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Angola 0 637 17 1801 682 1521 1037 469 221 71 Democratic Republic of the Congo 169 443 559 331 333 436 265 100 242 224 Mauritius 2 493 1764 2573 3306 4489 4168 4246 1745 2646 Malawi 591 2578 2806 3901 3987 2693 2655 2777 2480 2062 Mozambique 348 1186 1007 808 1281 2117 1668 1871 1848 1791 United Republic of Tanzania 762 2250 5037 4552 3550 3158 2492 1242 819 1654 Zambia 1181 2700 2868 2057 4461 5911 7995 7896 7238 5670 Zimbabwe 282 760 1872 4701 9171 11024 10312 8683 8220 5737 Period (Years) The graph further depicts that newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) export volumes from South Africa to SADC went to Zimbabwe, followed by Zambia and United Republic of Tanzania between 2006 and 2015. The graph also depicts that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to Zimbabwe attained a peak in 2011 at an export quantity of approximately 11 024 tons, while those to Zambia attained a peak in 2012 at an export quantity of approximately 7 995 tons. Export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to United Republic of Tanzania attained a peak in 2008 at an export quantity of approximately 5 037 tons. The graph also depicts that in 2005, there were no export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the Angola due to the short supply that was experienced by the country during that period. The graph further depicts that export volumes of newsprint paper from South Africa to Zimbabwe experienced a decline of 30.20% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 7 illustrates volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) export from South Africa to Asia between 2006 and 2015. 9

Export quantity (tons) Figure 7: Export volumes of newaprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to Asia 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South-central Asia 0 0 0 73 0 743 0 0 0 2350 South-eastern Asia 0 0 93 446 50 1285 0 33 0 0 Western Asia 0 0 0 0 471 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, South-eastern Asia commanded the greatest market share of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Asia, followed by Southcentral Asia and Western Asia. The figure also illustrates that newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) export volumes from South Africa to South-eastern Asia started to increase substantially in 2009 with export volume of 446 tons, followed by decline in 2010 of 50 tons and a peak was attained in 2011 at an export volume of approximately 1 285 tons. The figure also illustrates that newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) export volumes from South Africa to South-central Asia started to increase substantially in 2011 and at the same time attained a peak at an export quantity of approximately 743 tons. The figure further illustrates that, from 2006 to 2007, again in 2012 and 2014; there were no export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to South-eastern, South-central and Western Asia. The figure also illustrates that there was no growth (0.00%) in exports of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from South Africa to South-eastern Asia in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 8 reflects export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to the Americas between 2006 and 2015. 10

Export quantity (tons) Figure 8: Export volumes of newsprint paper (rolls or sheet) to Americas 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South America 0 0 2535 0 225 1962 1772 0 0 25 NAFTA 0 0 0 0 0 589 0 0 0 25 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph reflects that the major market for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Americas was South America, followed by very low or intermittent levels of export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to NAFTA during the period under scrutiny. The graph also reflects that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to South America started to increase in 2008 and at the same time attained a peak at approximately 2 535 tons. In 2011, a peak was again attained at an export quantity of approximately 1 962 tons. The graph further reflects that, from 2006 to and 2007, there were no export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to Americas (South America and NAFTA) during the period under scrutiny. The graph also reflects that South Africa managed to export newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to NAFTA only in 2011 at approximately 589 tons. The graph also reflects that there was 100% increase in export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to NAFTA in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. The graph also reflects that there was 100% increase in exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to South America in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 9 below shows export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Europe between 2006 and 2015. 11

Export quantity (tons) Figure 9: Export volumes of newsprint (in rolls or sheets) to Europe 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 European Union 0 20 200 425 130 34 48 33 66 33 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph shows that the major market for newsprint paper i(n rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Europe was European Union, with no competition from other European regions between 2006 and 2015. The graph also shows that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the European Union started to increase in 2007 to 20 tons, followed by a sharp increase in 2008 of 200 tons until a peak was attained in 2009 at an export quantity of approximately 425 tons. The graph also shows that between 2010 and 2011 period, there was a sharp and consistent decline in export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to European Union. The graph further shows that in 2006, there were no export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to Europe. The graph also shows that in 2012, South Africa s export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to the European Union experienced a slight increase of 48 tons and again in 2013 and 2015 a decline occurred of approximately 33 tons. The graph further illustrates the increase in export volumes of 66 tons to European Union in 2014. The decline in export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the European Union represents 50% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 10 indicates volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to the European Union between 2006 and 2015. 12

Export quantity (tons) Figure 10: Export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to the European Unioin 250 200 150 100 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belgium 0 0 0 0 33 33 16 33 66 33 France 0 20 0 225 13 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 0 0 200 200 33 0 17 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph shows that the major market for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports from South Africa to Europe was United Kingdom followed by France between 2006 and 2015. The graph also indicates that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the United Kingdom started to increase in 2008 and 2009 to 200 tons. The peak was attained by United Kingdom at an export quantity of approximately 200 tons in 2008 and 2009 respectively. The graph also indicates that between 2011 and 2013, there was a sharp decline in exports volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to United Kingdom and Belgium to approximately 16 and 17 tons respectively. The graph further indicates that between 2005 and 2006, there were no exports of newsprint paper, in rolls and sheets from South Africa to the European Union countries. The graph further indicates that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to United Kingdom experienced a decline in 2011 and a slight increase of about 17 tons in 2012 and again in 2013 a decline occurred. The figure indicates that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to United Kingdom experienced a no growth of 0.00% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 11 shows volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) exports in logs from South Africa to various regions between 2006 and 2015. 13

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 11: Export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs to the world 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 36 35 130 283 11663 4361 0 0 0 0 Americas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asia 0 121 634 2904 392 346 0 0 0 0 Europe 5100 792 57248 42693 26070 56267 0 0 0 0 Oceania 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The figure indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major markets for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to the world landed mainly in Europe, followed by very low or intermittent exports to Africa, Asia and Americas. Export volumes of fuel wood, in logs from South Africa to Europe started with approximately 9 395 tons, with a consistent decline between 2006 and 2007 to lower levels of about 792 tons. The figure also shows that in 2008, export volumes of fuel wood, in logs experienced surge and at the same time attained a peak at an export volume of approximately 57 248 tons. In 2010 and 2011, export volumes of fuel wood, in logs from South Africa to Europe decrease dramatically to lower levels of approximately 26 082 and 55 267 tons respectively during the period under examination. The figure further shows that export volumes of fuel wood, in logs from South Africa to Europe experienced a second peak in 2011 at an export volume of approximately 55 267 tons during the same period under observation. The figure further shows that in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, there were no export volumes of fuel wood (in logs) from South Africa to Europe. The figure also shows that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of fuel wood (in logs) from South Africa to Europe in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 12 depicts export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Africa between 2006 and 2015. 14

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 12: Export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs to Africa 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 1 0 0 21 1089 2 0 0 0 0 SADC (excluding SACU) 36 32 130 262 611 605 0 0 0 0 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 9963 3754 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph depicts that between 2006 and 2015, SADC commanded the greatest market share of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs export volumes from South Africa to Africa, followed by the Eastern Africa between 2004 and 2013. The figure also depicts that between 2006 and 2008; export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Eastern Africa experienced very low or intermittent levels of export volumes of fuel wood (in logs) of below 1 ton per annum. The graph further depicts that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs started to increase in 2009 to approximately 21 tons and a peak was attained in 2010 at an export quantity of approximately 1 089 tons. The graph also depicts that during the period under review, export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to SADC attained a peak in 2010 and 2011 at approximately 605 and 611 tons respectively. Between 2006 and 2008, export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to SADC experienced very low or intermittent export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs of below 130 tons per annum. The graph further depicts that from 2012 to 2015, there were no export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to the African regions. There was no growth (0.00%) in exports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Eastern Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 13 above indicates export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Asia between 2006 and 2015. 15

Export quantity (tons) Export quantity (tons) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Asia 0 121 634 2904 392 346 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 13: Export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs to Asia Period (Years) The figure indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major export destination for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Asia was Western Asia, followed by very low or intermittent levels of export volumes to South-eastern Asia. The figure also indicates that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Western Asia attained a peak in 2009 at an export volume of approximately 2 904 tons. The graph also indicates that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Western Asia saw a sharp or a dramatic decline of up to 400 tons in 2010 and 2011 period respectively. The figure further indicates that between 2012 and 2015 of the period under examination, there were no export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to both Western Asia and South-eastern Asia. There was no growth (0.00%) in exports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Western Asia in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 14 below illustrates export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Europe between 2006 and 2015. Source: Quantec EasyData 16 Figure 14: Export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs to Europe 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Southern Europe 0 0 0 10500 0 0 0 0 0 0 European Union 5100 792 57248 32193 26070 56267 0 0 0 0 Period (Years)

Export quantity (tons) The figure illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, the major export destination for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Europe was the European Union, followed by very low or intermittent levels of exports to Southern Europe. The figure also illustrates that exports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to the European Union started in 2006 with 5 100, followed by a consistent decline in 2007 of below 793 tons. The figure also illustrates that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to European Union experienced a surge of export volumes in 2008 and at the same time attained a peak both in 2008 and 2011 at export volumes of approximately 57 248 and 55 267 tons respectively. The figure also illustrates that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to European Union experienced a sharp decline in 2009 and 2010 of approximately 32 193 and 26 070 tons during the period under observation. In 2012 and 2013, the figure further illustrates that there were no export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to both European Union and Southern Europe. There was no growth (0.00%)in export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to European Union in 2015 as compared to 20141 marketing season. Figure 15 illustrates export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to European Union between 2006 and 2015. Source: Quantec EasyData The figure illustrates that the major export destination for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to European Union were mostly commanded by Netherlands followed by the United Kingdom, Belgium and Germany. The figure also illustrates that the export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Netherlands started to increase in 2008 and at the same time attained a peak of approximately 56 500 tons. The figure further illustrates that in 2007 and again between 2012 and 2015, there were no export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Netherlands. The figure also illustrates that export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to United Kingdom attained a peak in 2011 with approximately 20 260 tons. The figure further illustrates that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South Africa to Netherlands in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. 17 Figure 15: Export volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs to European Union 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belgium 0 0 0 0 5000 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 1 4011 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 100 486 748 126 5230 20260 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 5000 0 56500 28056 15840 36007 0 0 0 0 Period (Years)

Export quantity (tons) Figure 16 shows volumes of hoopwood (split poles) exports from South Africa to various regions between 2006 and 2015. Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 16: Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to the world 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 7938 2237 3514 4301 11833 11577 10182 30162 10130 10373 Americas 0 0 130 47 23 0 0 0 18 54 Asia 92 9 435 3484 507 120 121 815 61 6 Europe 445 143 804 2739 688 25 22 25 0 31 Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major market for hoopwood (split poles) exports from South Africa to the world was Africa, followed by Asia and very low or intermittent levels of export volumes to Europe. The graph also shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles from South Africa to Africa started with 445 tons in 2006, followed by sharp decline in 2007 of approximately 143 tons. The graph also shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Africa attained a peak in 2013 at an export quantity of about 30 162 tons. The graph further shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Asia experienced a dramatic decline between 2009 and 2013 to lower levels of below 3 500 tons per annum in 2009. The graph also shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Asia attained a peak also in 2009 at an export quantity of about 3 484 tons. The slight increase in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Africa represents 2.4% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 17 below reflects export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Africa between 2006 and 2015. 18

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 17: Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to Africa 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 7 28 0 19 0 1550 463 73 68 64 Middle Africa Rest 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Africa 6137 323 5 2475 6 48 49 134 38 8 SADC (excluding SACU) 1793 1887 3509 1777 2470 3731 5271 24095 4742 3737 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 9356 6247 4399 5859 5281 6564 Period (Years) The figure reflects from 2006 to 2015, the major market for hoopwood (split poles) exports from South Africa to Africa was SADC, followed by Western Africa and very low export volumes to Eastern Africa. The figure also reflects that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to SADC started to increase substantially in 2013 and at the same time attained a peak at an export quantity of about 24 293 tons. The figure further reflects that export volume of hoopwood from South Africa to Western Africa started in 2006 and at the same time attained a peak at an export quantity of about 6 137 tons. Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Eastern Africa attained a peak in 2011 at export quantities of about 1 550 tons. The dramatic increase in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to the SADC region in 2015 represents 9.86% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 18 below depicts export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to SADC between 2006 and 2015. 19

Export quantity (tons) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Angola 93 140 137 5 28 1 0 19664 213 0 Mauritius 1318 1101 1701 941 1552 1307 1259 1979 2126 1440 Mozambique 356 486 1031 569 850 2310 3739 2193 2367 1961 Seychelles 19 2 311 244 22 29 13 33 6 54 Zambia 5 85 295 5 5 9 60 120 17 52 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 18: Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to SADC excluding SACU Period (Years) The figure depicts that between 2006 and 2015, major export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to SADC went to Angola, followed by Mozambique and Mauritius. The figure also depicts that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Angola started to increase in 2013 and at the same time attained a peak of about 19 664 tons. The figure also depicts that in 2010, export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Mozambique started to increase in 2011 until a peak was attained in 2012 at an export quantity of about 3 739 tons. The figure further depicts that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Mauritius attained a peak in 2014 at an export volume of about 2 126 tons. The figure further depicts that exports of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Seychelles were very low or intermittent between 2006 and 2015. The dramatic decline in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Angola in 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 19 illustrates export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Americas between 2006 and 2015. 20

Export quantity (tons) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 NAFTA 0 0 130 47 23 0 0 0 18 54 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 19: Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to Americas Period (Years) The graph illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, NAFTA was the main export destination for hoopwood (split poles) export volumes from South Africa to Americas. The figure also illustrates that between 2006 and 2015; export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to NAFTA attained a peak in 2008 at an export quantity of about 130 tons. The figure further illustrates that during the period under review, there were no exports of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to NAFTA between 2006 and 2007 and again between 2011 and 2013. The decline in exports of hoopwood from South Africa to NAFTA in 2011, 2012 and 2013 represents 100% as compared to 2010 marketing season. However in 2015, the export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa started to rise to 54 tons. The increase in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to NAFTA in 2015 represents 200% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 20 illustrates export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Asia between 2006 and 2015. 21

Export quantity (tons) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Figure 20 : Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) of Asia 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 0 0 0 156 0 0 0 273 0 0 South-central Asia 0 0 0 0 1 0 24 68 0 0 South-eastern Asia 0 0 185 3187 416 0 0 0 46 0 Western Asia 92 9 250 142 90 120 97 474 15 6 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, South- eastern Asia was the main export destination for hoopwood (split poles) export volumes from South Africa to Asia, followed by Western and Eastern Asia. The graph also illustrates that during the period under examination, export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to South-eastern Asia started to increase in 2008 until a peak was attained in 2009 at an export quantity of about 474 tons. The figure further illustrates that during the period under review, export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to South-eastern Asia started to increase also in 2009 and at the same time a peak was attained at an export quantity of about 3 187 tons. Between 2006 and 2007, and again between 2011 and 2013, there were no export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to South-eastern Asia. The figure also illustrates that between 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015, there were no export volumes of hoopwood from South Africa to Eastern Asia. The figure further illustrates that there was a decline of 60.% in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Western Asia in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 21 shows export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to Europe between 2006 and 2015. 22

Export quantity (tons) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Figure 21: Export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) to Europe 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Europe 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 European Union 445 101 804 2739 688 25 22 25 0 31 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure shows that, between 2005 and 2015, European Union was the major export destination for hoopwood (split poles) export volumes from South Africa to Europe. The figure also shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to European Union started in 2006 with 445 tons, and a consistent decline of up to 101 tons in 2007. In 2008, export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to European Union slightly increased until a peak was attained in 2009 at approximately 2 739 tons. The figure further shows that export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to European Union experienced a dramatic decline between 2010 and 2011. In 2012, export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to European Union slightly decreased to levels close to 22 tons and in 2013 a slight increase occurred to lower levels of about 25 tons. The figure further shows that there were no exports of hoopwood from South Africa to European Union in 2013 as compared to 2012 marketing season. The figure shows that an increase of 100% in export volumes of hoopwood (split poles) from South Africa to European Union during 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 22 depicts export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to various regions between 2006 and 2015. 23

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 22: Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to the world 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 1161 56 75 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 Americas 0 2 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asia 747 83 370 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 Europe 35131 12725 13841 4881 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oceania 30 13 30 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph depicts that between 2006 and 2015, the major export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to various regions mainly landed in Europe, with no competition from the other regions of the world. The graph clearly depicts that South Africa could not export its wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to the world between 2010 and 2013 of the period under observation due to the shortage of domestic production and supply. Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Europe started to increase in 2006 and a peak was attained in 2006 of approximately 35 131 tons during the period under examination. The graph further depicts that export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Europe saw a consistent decline of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from 2007 to lower levels of 4 881 tons in 2009 and 0 tons between 2010 and 2015. The graph further depicts that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Europe in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 23 indicates export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Africa between 2006 and 2015. 24

Export quantity (tons) Figure : Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Africa 1200 1000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 987 21 55 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Africa 4 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 SADC (excluding SACU) 170 30 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData 800 600 400 200 Period (Years) The figure indicates that between 2006 and 2015, SADC was the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Africa, followed by Western Africa region. The figure also indicates that, between 2006 and 2016, export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to SADC started to increase in 2006 and at the same time a peak was attained at an export quantity of about 1 695 tons. It is important to note that South Africa did not export wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Africa between 2010 and 2015. Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Africa attained a peak in 2007 with approximately 5 tons, followed by decline in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) between 2008 and 2009 of up to 2 tons. The figure further indicates that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shellor nut charcoal) from South Africa to Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 24 depicts volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exports from South Africa to Eastern Africa between 2006 and 2015. 25

Export quantity (tons) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Angola 40 11 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 24: Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to SADC excliding SACU 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius 71 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 2 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The figure depicts that during the period under scrutiny, Mauritius was the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to SADC, followed by very minimal volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Angola, Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo.. The figure also depicts that during the period under scrutiny, export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Mauritius started to increase in 2005, to approximately 55 tons and a peak was attained 2006 at an export quantity of about 71 tons. It is important to note that South Africa did not export wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to SADC between 2010 and 2014. The figure also depicts that export volumes of wood charcoal from South Africa to Mauritius saw a dramatic decline in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) in 2008 of approximately 8 tons and from 2010 to 2014 followed by lower levels of about 0 tons. The figure also depicts that export volumes from South Africa to Zimbabwe attained a peak in 2005 with 28 tons. The figure also depicts that export volumes from South Africa to Angola attained a peak in 2006 of 40 tons. The figure also depicts that export volumes from South Africa to Democratic Republic of the Congo attained a peak in 2006 with 33 tons. Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to SADC depicts that between 2010 and 2014, there were no exports volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to SADC regions. The figure further depicts that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Reunion in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 25 below shows export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Asia between 2006 and 2015. 26

Export quantity (tons) Figure 25: Export volumes of wood chaarcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Asia 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Western Asia 746 83 340 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Asia was mainly Western Asia, with no other competition during the period under examination. The graph also shows that export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Asia started in 2006 and attained a peak at an export volume of 746 tons in 2005. The graph further shows that during the period under review; export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Asia declined dramatically from 2007 to 2013 to lower export volumes of approximately 61 tons in 2009. The graph also shows that between 2010 and 2014, there were no export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Asia. The figure shows that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Asia in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 26 depicts export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Europe between 2006 and 2015. 27

Export quantity (tons) 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Europe Rest 242 0 0 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 European Union 34889 12725 13841 4765 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 26: Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Europe Period (Years) The graph depicts that between 2006 and 2015, the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Europe was European Union, followed by very low export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Western Europe. The graph also depicts that export volumes of wood charcoal from South Africa to the European Union started to increase in 2006, and at the same time attained a peak at an export quantity of approximately 34 889 tons. In 2007, export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to European Union saw a dramatic decline of nearly 12 725 tons, as compared to a peak in 2006 which attained approximately 34 889 tons. The graph also depicts that between 2010 and 2015, there were no export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the European Union. The graph further depicts that South Africa exported a maximum of 242 tons of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Western Europe Rest in 2006, with no export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Western Europe between 2007 and 2008, and again between 2010 and 2015 period. The graph also depicts that there was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the European Union in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 27 shows export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to European Union between 2006 and 2015. 28

Export quantity (tons) Figure 27: Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to European Union 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belgium 14242 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cyprus 888 1117 1281 547 0 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 931 10 52 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom 15919 10567 11031 3847 0 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 2692 904 745 183 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the European Union was United Kingdom, followed by Germany and Belgium. The figure also shows that export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to United Kingdom attained a peak in 2006 at an export quantity of approximately 15 919 tons, while export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Germany also attained a peak in 2006 at an export quantity of approximately 981 tons. The figure further shows that export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Belgium attained a peak in 2006 at an export quantity of approximately 14 242 tons. The figure also shows that between 2010 and 2015, there were no export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the European Union countries. The figure further shows that during the period under scrutiny, South Africa exported very low volumes of wood charcoal to European countries such as Netherlands and Cyprus of not more than 5 000 tons per annum. The figure also shows that there was no growth (0.00%) in exports of wood charcoal from South Africa to United Kingdom in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 28 indicates export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Oceania between 2006 and 2015. 29

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 28: Export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to Oceania 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Australia and New Zealand 30 13 30 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major export market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Oceania was Australia and New Zealand with no competition from other Oceania regions. The graph further indicates that during the period under review, export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Australia and New Zealand started to increase dramatically in 2006 and 2008 and at the same time attained a peak at approximately 30 tons respectively. The graph also indicates that export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Australia and New Zealand saw a dramatic decline in 2009 of up to 1 ton. The graph also indicates that between 2010 and 2015 of the period under scrutiny, there were no export volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Australia and New Zealand. The graph further indicates that there was no growth (0.00%) in exports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to Australia and New Zealand in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 29 illustrates export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to various regions between 2006 and 2015. 30

Export quantity (tons) 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Figure 29: Export volumes of rough in the wood (treated with paint) to the world 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 584 1143 1454 1432 11003 6735 5328 3665 12350 3997 Americas 1 0 0 0 28 44 37 18 0 0 Asia 10 0 33 11 4 32 805 6 1542 2 Europe 2 35 14 0 0 5 3083 2 23 0 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The figure illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to the world went to Africa, followed by Europe and Asia with very low volumes going to Americas. The figure also illustrates that during the period under scrutiny; export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Africa started to decrease in 2006 with approximately 584 tons. The figure further illustrates that between 2007 and 2009, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Africa increased as compared to 2006 to upper levels of about 1 432 tons. The figure also illustrates that in 2011, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Africa saw an increase to approximately 11 003 tons and a peak was attained in 2014 at an export quantity of about 12 350 tons. Export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Europe attained a peak also in 2012 at an export quantity of about 3 083 tons. The figure further illustrates that there was a significant decline of 67.8% in export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Africa 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 30 indicate export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint)) from South Africa to Africa between 2006 and 2015. 31

Export quantity (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 51 145 189 44 1 36 2 7 1049 1 Middle Africa Rest 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 580 0 SADC (excluding SACU) 529 998 1263 1354 1340 732 2525 1417 8142 1399 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 9656 5963 2534 2239 2255 2590 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 30: Export volumes of rough in the wood (treated with paint) to Africa 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Period (Years) The figure indicates that between 2006 and 2015, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Africa landed mainly in SACU, followed by SADC and low export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Eastern and Western Africa. The figure also indicates that during the same period under review, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to SADC attained a peak in 2014 at an export volumes of approximately 8 142 tons, while export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Eastern Africa attained a peak in 2014 at an export volumes of approximately 1 049 tons. During the same period under examination, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to SACU attained a peak also in 2010 at export volumes of approximately 9 656 tons. The figure further indicates that there was a slight increase of about 14.86% in export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to SACU in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 31 shows export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to SADC excluding SACU between 2006 and 2015. 32

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 31: Export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) to SADC excluding SACU 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Angola 74 2 614 1 0 13 4 5 4 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 15 6 22 55 25 33 10 51 0 Mauritius 69 1 109 5 30 2 44 0 159 0 Mozambique 380 978 378 586 277 581 1935 627 824 605 United Republic of Tanzania 1 0 88 1 45 34 380 336 6794 62 Zambia 0 1 1 642 914 36 125 317 295 660 Zimbabwe 2 1 52 95 18 33 2 122 1 67 Period (Years) The graph shows that during the period under observation, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to the SADC region landed mainly in United Republic of Tanzania, followed by Mozambique and other SADC countries. The graph also shows that during the same period under review, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to United Republic of Tanzania started to increase substantially in 2012 and 2013 with approximately 380 and 336 tons respectively. Export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to other SADC countries were very low and below 1000 tons per annum between 2006 and 2015. However in 2014, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to United Republic of Tanzania substantially increased and attained a boom of 6 794 tons. The graph also shows that exports of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Mozambique saw a dramatic decline between 2006 and 2013 of below 2 000 tons per annum. Export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Mozambique attained a peak in 2012 at quantities of approximately 1 935 tons. The substantial decline in export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to United Republic of Tanzania in 2015 represents 99.1% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 32 depicts export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Americas between 2006 and 2015. 33

Export quantity (tons) Figure 32: Export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) to Americas 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 NAFTA 0 0 0 0 28 44 36 18 0 0 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The figure depicts that between 2006 and 2015, NAFTA commanded the greatest market share of wood in the rough (treated with paint) exports from South Africa with no competition to other Americas regions. The figure also depicts that export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to NAFTA experienced a dramatic decline between 2006 and 2009 of less than 1 ton per annum, until an increase of about 28 tons was experienced in 2010 and a peak was attained in 2011 at an export quantity of about 44 tons during the same period under scrutiny. The figure further depicts that in 2012, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to NAFTA saw a decline of about 36 tons. In 2013, export volumes of wood in rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to NAFTA declined to about 18 tons. In 2014, there were no export volumes from South Africa to NAFTA. There was no growth (0.00%) in export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to NAFTA in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 33 below shows export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Asia between 2006 and 2015. 34

Export quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure : Export volumes of rough wood (treated with paint) toasia 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 0 0 0 0 0 7 22 0 0 0 South-central Asia 4 0 18 9 2 14 442 5 1542 2 South-eastern Asia 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Western Asia 6 0 15 1 1 11 338 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Asia went to South-central Asia, followed by Western Asia and very minimal export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) going to Eastern Asia. The graph also shows there were no export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Southcentral Asia with an increase of approximately 4 tons in 2006 and in 2012; there was a substantial increase in export volumes of about 442 tons. The graph further shows that export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Western Asia started with a decrease in 2006 of about 6 tons and a peak was reached in 2012 at an export volume of 338 tons. The graph also shows that between 2006 and 2012, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Eastern Asia were very low or minimal to levels below 23 tons per annum. The graph further shows that in 2007, and again in 2013, there were no export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Western Asia. The graph also shows that export volumes of wood in the rough from South Africa to South-central Asia saw a significant decline of 99.9% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 34 illustrates export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Europe between 2006 and 2015. 35

Export quantity (tons) Figure 34: Export volumes wood in the rough (treated with paint) to Europe 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 European Union 2 35 14 0 0 5 3083 2 23 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to Europe landed mainly in European Union. The figure also illustrates that export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to European Union started to increase in 2006 at approximately 2 tons, followed by increase in 2007 of approximately 35 tons. The figure indicate that the export volumes attained a peak in 2012 of approximately 3 083 tons. The figure also illustrates that between 2006 and 2011, there were very low or minimal volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) export volumes from South Africa to European Union of less than 36 tons per annum. The figure further illustrates that export volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from South Africa to European Union declined by 100% in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 35 below depicts value of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) exports by Provinces of South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. 36

Export Value (Rands) 250000000 Figure 35: Value of newsprint paper (in sheets or rolls) exports by Provinces 200000000 150000000 100000000 50000000 Source: Quantec EasyData 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Cape 15548098 18050916 14846993 19122961 20594934 10990596 819 4694589 7236220 1774423 Eastern Cape 0 0 100 200 200 99 100 76 0 0 Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6412 Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15814705 46309149 54847052 KwaZulu-Natal 47961292 63591715 180150985 181301037 169284612 176618191 147971337 122637381 78540555 157820510 North West 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23200 1275 Gauteng 13350393 24102395 49252604 52811094 151553515 192958650 190098137 200884712 157806738 98461663 Mpumalanga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37681 0 142 Limpopo 0 114230 0 0 1039 0 0 0 315289 6389 Period (Years) The figure depicts that KwaZulu-Natal Province commanded the greatest market share of newsprint paper exports from South Africa to the world. The figure also depicts that exports value of newsprint paper from South Africa to KwaZulu-Natal to the world were from a high base during the first half of the ten year period under review attaining a peak in 2009 at an export value of approximately R181 million. Between 2006 and 2007, exports value of newsprint paper from KwaZulu-Natal Province to the world experienced a dramatic decline to a lower export value of approximately R47 million in 2006 and R63 million in 2007. Gauteng Province came second in the group with very intermittent exports values of newsprint paper to the world and attained a peak in 2011 at an export value of about R192 million. Limpopo and Western Cape Provinces had very low export values between 2006 and 2015. The substantial increase in export value of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Kwazulu-Natal province to the world in 2015 represents 101% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 36 shows value of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs exports by provinces of South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. 37

Export Value ( Rands) 2.5E+09 2E+09 1.5E+09 1E+09 500000000 Figure 36: Value of fuel wood (saw dust) exports in logs by Provinces Source: Quantec EasyData 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Cape 1463525 957285 10729992 26983950 18741847 35821562 37848138 10807955 1146925 6002950 Eastern Cape 0 600 8103254 18913815 2466228 25540725 42918081 1426 476940 2097145 Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22782 2250 Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 37539 409965 691932 KwaZulu-Natal 1560289474 1527155900 1935495706 905967428 1229502762 959702137 480041100 414945168 452241207 1218561537 North West 253413 500 1002 550 65533 965 96 76947 1000446 1214446 Gauteng 321727383 341323437 442128150 409886534 313051472 384659214 589579187 727888461 935206207 406621567 Mpumalanga 0 802 1462 145936417 253736894 326656856 292669142 494607151 590260770 1032402810 Limpopo 1372 0 0 0 2000 0 0 12768 7349 3156 Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, KwaZulu-Natal province commanded the greatest market share of exports of fuel wood or saw dust in logs from South Africa to the world, followed by minimal export values from Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces. The graph also shows that exports values of fuel wood or saw dust from KwaZulu-Natal were very high and attained peak in 2014 at approximately R4.5 billion respectively during the period under scrutiny. In 2009, export values of fuel wood or saw dust from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world saw a dramatic decline of approximately R886 million, until there was a slight increase in export values in 2010 of about R1.2 billion. The graph further shows that between 2011 and 2013, export values of fuel wood in logs from KwaZulu-Natal consistently declined to lower levels of up to 413 million in 2013. The graph further shows that Gauteng Province attained peak at export value of R935 million in 2014. The substantial increase in export value of fuel wood from Kwazulu-Natal province to the world in 2015 represents 169% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 37 indicates value of hoopwood (split poles) exports by Provinces from South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. 38

ExportValue (Rands) 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 Figure 37: Value of hoopwood (split poles) exports by Provinces 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Cape 5115536 3789948 8179583 4050901 7217641 6455910 7994932 10030202 11208170 9242843 Eastern Cape 201931 3170 0 66040 87276 67564 164539 360395 1459615 729746 Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 399279 123118 Free State 0 0 0 0 0 0 169631 124189 330874 2155931 KwaZulu-Natal 9009828 1230987 1310623 14808661 41808328 17996833 6083120 6013382 6297515 3776832 North West 0 980534 931622 6727015 474783 3321861 4136332 448356 5014880 4588848 Gauteng 3456543 3665078 11334972 7596999 43474302 40437043 30991625 61341264 18941814 27849013 Mpumalanga 725807 60625 981527 82588 319804 4031514 10619510 14498058 49514027 39698138 Limpopo 12737 1598241 3597641 5718960 962829 9017 532485 175632 2242264 796511 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The figure indicates that from 2006 to 2015, exports of hoopwood (split poles) from KwaZulu-Natal provinces commanded the greatest market share of exports from South Africa to the world, followed by Gauteng, Western Cape and North West provinces. The figure also indicates Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape provinces experienced very minimal or low levels of hoopwood exports from South Africa to the world to lower levels exports by Limpopo Province of about R9 071 in 2011. The figure further indicates that export values of hoopwood from KwaZulu-Natal to the world attained a peak during the second half of the ten year period at approximately R179 million in 2011. The figure also indicates that between 2011 and 2013 of the period under observation, export values of hoopwood (split poles) from KwaZulu-Natal Province to the world consistently declined to lower levels of about at R6.0 million in 2013. The decline in export value of hoopwood (split poles) from Kwazulu-Natal province to the world in 2015 represents 61% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 38 illustrates value of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exports by Provinces of South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. 39

Export Value (Rands) Figure : Value of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exports by Provinces 140000000 120000000 100000000 80000000 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Cape 798877 860011 1865518 4699792 4448847 5296205 8566230 10038642 16796857 26096687 Eastern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 667617 232319 36284 41380 Northern Cape 0 11552 0 0 0 0 0 0 102361 101618 Free State 7944975 434772 275990 0 0 0 676881 19669 764628 1324425 KwaZulu-Natal 53399842 40715617 64213330 106877284 116591526 68286813 77186405 93872753 124003440 100969210 North West 0 0 0 0 0 4562 0 63607 2010194 1952218 Gauteng 12401274 667846 1156251 4505163 19260590 17188748 23633618 34008474 41580054 32739030 Mpumalanga 2930921 473611 817236 819739 361522 2100585 3483214 3204531 3667906 3226695 Limpopo 0 0 0 0 3075 21550 3890 5975 211817 73977 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The graph above illustrates that during the period under observation, KwaZulu-Natal province commanded the greatest market share in exports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the world, followed by minimal export values from Free State, Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces. The graph also illustrate that exports values of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world were from a high base during the second half of the period under scrutiny and attained a peak in 2010 at approximately R116 million. The graph further illustrates that export values of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from KwaZulu- Natal province to the world experienced a dramatic decline in 2006 of about R53.3 million. The graph also illustrates that 2011, export values of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world experienced another decline to lower levels of up to R68.2 million. In 2014, export value of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from KwaZulu-Natal province increased to R124 million. In 2015, export value of wood charcoal from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world experienced a notable decline of about 18.6% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 39 shows value of wood in the rough (whether or not stripped of bark) exports by Provinces of South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. 40

Export Value (Rands) 500000000 450000000 400000000 350000000 300000000 250000000 200000000 150000000 100000000 50000000 0 Source: Quantec EasyData The figure further shows that over the past decade (2006-2015), KwaZulu-Natal province commanded the greatest market share of wood in the rough exports from South Africa to the world, followed by Mpumalanga, Western Cape and Gauteng Provinces. The figure also shows that export values of wood in the rough from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world were from a high base during the second half of the ten year period and attained a peak in 2014 at approximately R445 million. The figure further shows that exports of wood in the rough from Mpumalanga Province to the world attained a peak in 2015 at an export value of R131 million, while export value of wood in the rough from Gauteng province to the world attained a peak in 2013 at an export value of approximately R230 million. The figure also shows that provinces such as Eastern Cape, North West and Limpopo had very low exports values of wood in the rough of not more than R76 million per annum. In 2015, exports of wood in the rough from Mpumalanga province to the world attained a peak at approximately R131 million. The figure further shows that there was a decline of about 27% in exports of wood in the rough from KwaZulu-Natal province to the world in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. 3.2 Share Analysis Figure : Value of wood in the rough (whether or not stripped) exports by Provinces 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Western Cape 46176060 31385843 22883448 28469056 10066543 7844335 20811369 28489611 50349459 39550979 Eastern Cape 0 101114 566222 1067502 204575 275474 101149 7526361 13769975 10140531 Northern Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1341745 1354918 Free State 0 0 0 0 350 16010 728006 726806 12124003 15358357 KwaZulu-Natal 60965942 71065041 89571814 84161024 41512845 87411934 123163137 137593667 445405074 323835388 North West 0 0 43570 220244 7715 277538 5551193 1089346 12234192 17617526 Gauteng 14341434 18725024 32656344 27189498 120979243 160864575 225567009 230208671 99200861 104943768 Mpumalanga 764778 993126 16273970 3051181 6968056 20420852 48791470 88603943 123008200 130181040 Limpopo 3147818 12568 37273 816027 4628528 9858245 10079328 2031420 58945663 75996404 Period (Years) Table 3 below shows that between 2006 and 2015, KwaZulu-Natal Province commanded the greatest market share of newsprint paper exports from South Africa to the world. 41

Table 3: Share Analysis of provincial newsprint paper exports (in rolls and sheets) to the total RSA newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) exports (%) between 2006 and 20115 Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces WC 20.2 17.1 6.1 7.6 6.0 2.9 0.0 1.4 2.5 0.6 KZN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 16.0 17.5 FS 62.4 60.1 73.8 71.6 49.6 46.4 43.8 35.6 27.1 50.4 GP 17.4 22.8 20.2 20.9 44.4 50.7 56.2 58.4 54.4 31.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Quantec EasyData Table 4 below indicates that KwaZulu-Natal Province commanded the greatest market share of fuel wood (saw dust) exports from South Africa to the world between 2006 and 2015. Table 4: Share Analysis of provincial fuel wood (saw dust) in logs exports to the total RSA fuel wood exports (%) between 2006 and 2015 Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces WC 0.08 0.04 0.43 1.82 1.14 2.22 2.78 0.87 0.06 0.23 EC 0.00 0.00 0.35 1.28 0.15 1.54 2.39 8.96 0.02 0.08 KZN 82.8 81.4 81.0 59.8 69.3 56.1 34.5 25.96 22.8 45.68 NW 0.01 2.76 4.29 3.71 0.00 0.00 4.59 0.01 0.05 0.05 GP 17.1 18.5 18.2 27.2 15.3 21.0 39.5 42.21 47.2 15.24 MP 0.00 1.42 0.00 9.85 14.1 19.1 20.9 30.95 29.8 38.70 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Quantec EasyData Table 5 below depicts that between 2006 and 2015, KwaZulu-Natal province commanded the greatest share of wood charcoal exports (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa to the world. Table 5: Share Analysis of provincial wood charcoal (including shell and nut charcoal) to the total RSA wood charcoal (including shell and nut charcoal) exports (%) between 2006 and 2015 Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces WC 1.14 1.09 2.11 3.37 3.16 5.99 4.83 7.59 8.88 15.67 NC 10.2 0.05 0.21 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.06 FS 28.4 26.2 13.6 19.4 23.8 28.1 10.8 13.54 0.40 0.80 KZN 44.7 64.9 69.4 69.0 61.7 48.4 71.3 57.14 65.6 60.63 GP 15.8 7.05 14.0 7.74 10.9 15.5 10.8 19.14 21.9 19.66 MP 3.78 0.39 0.62 0.58 0.38 2.09 1.92 2.37 1.94 1.94 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Quantec EasyData 42

Table 6 illustrates that KwaZulu-Natal Province commanded the greatest market share of hoopwood, split poles exports from South Africa to the world over the ten year period. Table 6: Share Analysis of provincial hoopwood (split poles) exports to the total RSA hoop wood, (split poles) exports (%) between 2006 and 2015 Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces Western Cape 27.62 33.45 31.06 10.37 7.65 8.93 13.17 10.79 11.75 10.39 Eastern Cape 1.09 0.03 0.00 0.17 0.09 0.09 0.27 0.39 1.53 0.82 Kwazulu- Natal 48.64 10.87 4.98 37.92 44.31 24.89 10.02 6.47 6.60 4.25 North West 0.00 8.66 3.54 17.23 0.50 4.59 6.82 0.48 5.26 5.16 Gauteng 18.66 32.35 43.04 19.45 46.08 55.91 51.06 65.96 19.85 31.30 Mpumalanga 3.92 0.54 3.73 0.21 0.34 5.57 17.50 15.59 51.90 44.62 Limpopo 0.07 14.11 13.66 14.64 1.02 0.01 0.88 0.19 2.35 0.90 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Quantec EasyData Table 7 indicates that between 2006 and 2015, KwaZulu-Natal province commanded the greatest market share of wood in the rough exports (whether or not stripped of bark) from South Africa to the world. Table 7: Share Analysis of provincial wood in the rough (whether or not stripped of bark) exports to the total RSA wood in the rough (whether or not stripped of bark) exports (%) between 2006 and 2015 Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Provinces Western Cape 36.82 25.67 14.12 19.64 5.46 2.73 4.79 5.74 6.17 5.50 Eastern Cape 0.00 0.08 0.35 0.74 0.11 0.10 0.02 1.52 1.69 1.41 Free State 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.17 0.15 1.49 2.14 Kwazulu- Natal 48.62 58.12 55.28 58.05 22.52 30.46 28.33 27.73 54.56 45.04 North West 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.00 0.10 1.28 0.22 1.50 2.45 Gauteng 11.44 15.31 20.15 18.75 65.62 56.06 51.88 46.39 12.15 14.60 Mpumalanga 0.61 0.81 10.04 2.10 3.78 7.12 11.22 17.85 15.07 18.11 Limpopo 2.51 0.01 0.02 0.56 2.51 3.44 2.32 0.41 7.22 10.57 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Quantec EasyData 3.3 Import volumes of forestry and wood products 43

Import quantity (tons) Despite persistent economic slow-down in some Western European countries, forest product markets were generally strong in Europe, with greater demand from non-eu 25 countries, even though were smaller volumes. Figure 40 illustrates import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from various regions of the world into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Figure 40: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from the world 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 28 14 0 1 32 18 31 0 1 26 Americas 12423 702 0 0 50 701 925 144 255 117 Asia 134 383 7 1552 330 353 1174 238 1580 130 Europe 244 590 2079 8008 14524 12846 9872 11235 7616 23525 Oceania 0 23 0 0 0 0 3802 4524 3358 182 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The graph illustrates that, the major import markets for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from various regions of the world into South Africa was Europe, followed by Americas between 2006 and 2015. The figure also illustrates that Asia and Africa experienced very low or minimal levels of supply of newsprint paper import volumes into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. The graph further illustrates that import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Europe into South Africa significantly in increase in 2008 with import volume of 8 008 tons and a peak was attained in 2010 at an import quantity of about 14 524 tons, while imports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from the Americas into South Africa started to increase in 2006 and at the same time attained a peak at an import quantity of about 12 423 tons. The figure also illustrates that between 2011 and 2012, import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Europe into South Africa experienced a consistent decline of about 9 872 tons. The figure further illustrates that in 2015, import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from the world into South Africa increased significantly to 23 525 tons. The substantial increase in import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Europe into South Africa in 2015 represents 208.9 % as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 41 depicts import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Africa into South Africa between 2006 and 2015 44

Import quantity (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 SADC (excluding SACU) 28 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 32 18 31 0 1 26 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 41: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Africa 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Period (Years) The graph depicts that, the major import market for newsprint paper from Africa into South Africa was SACU followed by SADC, with no competition from any other African regions between 2006 and 2015. The figure shows that import volumes from SACU to South Africa started in 2010 and attained a peak in 2010 0f 32 tons. The figure also depicts that there were no imports of newsprint paper from SADC into South Africa between 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The figure also depicts that during the period under review, import volumes of newsprint paper from SADC into South Africa started to increase in 2006, and a peak was attained in 2006 at an import quantity of about 28 tons. The graph further indicates that in 2009, imports of newsprint paper from SADC into South Africa experienced a decline of approximately 1 ton. The decline in import volumes of newsprint paper from SADC into South Africa in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 represents 100% as compared to 2009 marketing season. The figure also depicts that there was a dramatic increase of 100% in import volumes of newsprint paper from SACU (excluding RSA) into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 42 below reflects import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Asia into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 45

Import quantity (tons) Figure 42: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Asia 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 112 0 0 931 26 45 761 156 783 73 South-central Asia 0 0 7 205 246 307 147 34 0 14 South-eastern Asia 22 382 0 416 58 0 266 47 797 43 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure reflects that Eastern Asia commanded the greatest market share of newsprint paper from Asia into South Africa, followed by South-eastern Asia and South-Central Asia. The graph also reflects that there were no imports volumes of newsprint paper from South-central Asia into South Africa in 2006. Import volumes of newsprint paper from Eastern Asia started to increase in 2006 with import quantity of 112 tons, and then experienced a decline in 2007 and 2008 of 0 tons and a peak was attained in 2009 and 2014 at an import quantity of about 931 and 783 tons respectively. Import volumes of newsprint paper from South-eastern Asia into South Africa attained a peak in 2009 at an import quantity of about 416 tons. The figure indicates that import volumes of newsprint paper from Western Asia into South Africa attained a peak in 2014 of 797 tons. In 2010, import volumes of newsprint paper from Eastern Asia into South Africa saw a decline in imports of about 26 tons, as compared to 931 tons in 2009. In 2011, import volumes of newsprint paper from Eastern Asia into South Africa slightly increased until a second peak was attained in 2014 at approximately 783 tons. In 2014, import volumes of newsprint paper from Eastern Asia into South Africa increased significantly from to low levels to approximately 783 tons. The decline in imports of newsprint paper from Eastern Asia into South Africa in 2015 represents 972% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 43 reflects import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Americas into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 46

Import quantity (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South America 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 74 47 44 NAFTA 12423 702 0 0 50 701 830 70 208 73 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 43: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheet) from Americas 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Period (Years) The figure reflects that NAFTA commanded the greatest market share of newsprint paper from Americas into South Africa, followed by very low or intermittent imports from South America between 2006 and 2015. The graph also reflects that there were no imports volumes of newsprint paper from South America into South Africa between 2006 and 2011. Import volumes of newsprint paper from NAFTA into South Africa started to increase in 2006, and at the same time attained a peak at an import quantity of about 12 423 tons. Import volumes of newsprint paper from NAFTA into South Africa experienced a decline between 2007 and 2013 although there were slight increases between 2011 and 2012 of approximately 701 and 830 tons respectively. The graph further reflects that South Africa only managed to import volumes of newsprint paper from South America in 2012 and 2013 at quantities of about 95 and 74 tons respectively. The decline in imports of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from NAFTA into South Africa in 2015 represents 64.9% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 44 indicates import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Europe into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 47

Import quanity (tons) Figure 44: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Europe 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Europe 0 50 0 148 330 26 0 47 343 541 Northern Europe 0 0 0 0 0 0 347 0 0 0 European Union 244 540 2079 7860 14194 12820 9525 11187 7273 22984 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major import market for newsprint paper from Europe into South Africa was European Union, followed by very low import volumes of newsprint paper from Eastern Europe and Northern Europe. The graph also indicates that there were no imports volumes of newsprint paper from the Northern and Eastern Europe in 2006 of the period under review. The graph further indicates that imports volumes of newsprint paper from the European Union into South Africa started to increase substantially in 2009, until a peak was attained in 2010 at an import volume of approximately 14 194 tons. Between 2011 and 2013, there was a consistent decline in import volumes of newsprint paper from European Union into South Africa to lower levels of about 9 525 tons in 2012 as compared to a peak in 2015 of 22 948 tons. The dramatic increase in import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) from European Union into South Africa in 2015 represents 216% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 45 indicates import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from European Union into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 48

Import quantity (tons) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Figure 45: Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from European Union 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Germany 0 19 1542 13 8642 6059 22 0 138 1195 Spain 0 0 0 1592 172 0 143 1712 198 96 Finland 244 501 537 222 415 1004 496 953 305 7109 France 0 0 0 0 0 4629 7086 4840 3754 10587 Netherlands 0 0 0 1796 2548 1128 705 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 0 4217 1573 0 526 1429 420 366 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major import market for newsprint paper from European Union into South Africa was France, followed by Germany and Sweden. The graph also indicates that there were no imports volumes of newsprint paper from the Germany, Spain, France, Netherlands and Sweden into South Africa in 2006 of the period under consideration. The graph further indicates that import volumes of newsprint paper from the Germany into South Africa started to increase in 2008 to1 542 tons, followed by a decline occurred in 2009 to lower levels of about 13 tons. The graph further indicates that import volumes of newsprint paper from Germany into South Africa attained a peak at an import volume of approximately 8 642 tons. Between 2011 and 2014, there was a consistent decline in imports volumes of newsprint paper from Germany into South Africa to lower levels of about 138 tons. In 2015, there was a consistent increase in import volumes of newsprint paper from Germany into South Africa to significant levels of about 1 195 tons. The figure illustrates that import volumes from South Africa to France attained a peak in 2015 of approximately 10 587 tons. The figure further illustrates that import volumes from South Africa to Sweden attained a peak of approximately 4 217 tons in 2009. The substantial increase in import volumes of newsprint paper from France into South Africa in 2015 represents 765% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 46 shows import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from various regions into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 49

Import quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 46: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the world 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 16 0 0 1 11850 45748 0 0 0 0 Americas 1 2 10 17 54 30 0 0 0 0 Asia 1 4 14 31 1 31 0 0 0 0 Europe 8 7 155 554 128 91 0 0 0 0 Oceania 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major import market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the world was Africa, followed by Europe, Americas and very low or intermittent import volumes from Asia. The figure also shows that import volumes of fuel wood from Africa into South Africa started to increase in 2010 from 0 to 11 850 tons, followed by peak of 45 748 tons attained in 2011. The figure also shows that import volumes of fuel wood from Europe into South Africa started to decrease in 2006 to 8 tons, until there was a notable increase between 2007 and 2008 of about 155 tons. The figure further shows that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Europe into South Africa attained a peak in 2009 at an import quantity of about 554 tons; import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Americas into South Africa attained a peak in 2010 at about 54 tons. The figure also shows that in 2010, import volumes of fuel wood from Europe into South Africa saw a dramatic decline to lower levels of about 128 tons. The figure indicates that there were no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs in 2012 and 2014 from the world into South Africa. The figure also shows that there was no growth (0.00%) in fuel wood imports from Africa into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 47 depicts import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Africa into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 50

Import quantity (tons) Figure 47: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Africa 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 SADC (excluding SACU) 16 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 11836 45748 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph depicts that the major import market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the Africa was SACU, followed by SADC with no competition from other African regions between 2006 and 2015. The graph depicts that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SACU into South Africa started to increase in 2010 to 11 tons, followed by increase in 2011. In 2011, the import volumes from SACU into South Africa the attained a peak of 45 748 tons The graph also depicts that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SADC into South Africa started to increase in 2006 and at the same time attained a peak at imports volumes of 16 tons. A dramatic decline in imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs was experienced between 2007 and 2009 at approximately 0 and 1 ton per annum. The figure further depicts that between 2007 and 2008 and also between 2011 and 2013, there were no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SADC into South Africa. The figure also depicts that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SADC into South Africa saw a slight increase in 2009 of about 1 ton, until another peak was attained in 2010 at an import quantity of about 14 tons. The figure also depicts that there was no growth (0.00%) in fuel wood import volumes from SACU into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 48 illustrates import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SACU into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 51

Import quantity (tons) Import Quantity (tons) Figure 48: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SACU 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 313 188 0 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 11521 45560 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph depicts that the major import market for fuel wood from SACU was Swaziland, followed by very intermittent imports from Namibia between 2006 and 2015. The graph also depicts that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SACU (Swaziland in particular) into South Africa started to increase in 2010 to 11 521 tons, followed by attaining a peak at import volumes of 45 560 tons.. The figure further depicts that between 2005 and 2009; there were no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from SACU into South Africa. There was no growth (0.00%) in fuel wood (saw dust) in logs imports from the SACU region into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 49 illustrates import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Americas into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. Figure 49: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Americas 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 NAFTA 1 2 10 17 54 30 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) 52

Import quantity (tons) The graph illustrates that the major import market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the Americas was NAFTA, with no competition from other Americas regions during the period under examination. The graph also illustrates that imports of fuel wood from NAFTA into South Africa started in 2006 with approximately 1 ton, followed by a decline in import volumes occurred from 2006 to 2007 of approximately 2 tons. The graph further illustrates that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from NAFTA into South Africa experienced an increase between 2008 and 2009 with approximately 10 and 17 tons respectively. The graph further shows a peak that was attained in 2010 at an import quantity of about 54 tons. In 2011 of the same period under review, import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from NAFTA into South Africa saw a slight decline to approximately 30 tons with no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from 2012 to 2015. The figure also illustrates that there was no growth (0.00%) in imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from NAFTA into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 50 shows import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Asia into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. Source: Quantec EasyData The figure illustrates that the major import market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Asia was Southcentral Asia, followed by Eastern Asia with very minimal imports from South-eastern Asia between 2006 and 2015. The figure further shows that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South-central Asia into South Africa started to increase in 2008 with approximately 14 tons and a peak was attained in 2009 at import volume of about 31 tons. The figure further illustrates that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Eastern Asia into South Africa started to increase in 2011 and at the same time a peak was attained at approximately 31 tons. The figure also illustrates that there were no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South-central Asia into South Africa between 2006 and 2007 and again between 2010 and 2015. The figure further illustrates that there were very minimal imports from South-eastern Asia into South Africa throughout the ten year period under review. The figure also illustrates that there was no growth (0.00%) in import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from South-central Asia into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. 53 Figure 50: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Asia 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 0 2 0 0 1 31 0 0 0 0 South-central Asia 0 0 14 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 South-eastern Asia 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Period (Years)

Import quantity (tons) Figure 51 shows import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Europe into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 600 500 400 300 200 100 Figure 51: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Europe 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 European Union 8 7 155 554 128 91 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph further shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major supplying market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Europe into South Africa was European Union. Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the European Union into South Africa started to increase in 2006 at about 8 tons, and then experienced a decline in 2007 to lower levels of about 7 tons. In 2008, import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the European Union into South Africa saw a consistent increase of approximately 155 tons and a peak was attained in 2009 at an import quantity of approximately 554 tons. The graph further shows that in 2010 and 2011, import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from European Union into South Africa saw a slight decline of about 128 and 91 tons respectively. The graph also shows that there were no import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from European Union into South Africa in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. There was no growth (0.00%) in import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from European Union into South Africa in 2015 as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 52 indicates import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from European Union into South Africa between 2006and 2015. 54

Import quantity (tons) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Figure 52: Import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from the European Union 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Germany 4 1 1 220 90 35 0 0 0 0 France 3 6 153 333 3 14 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) Source: Quantec EasyData The figure further indicates that between 2006 and 2015, the major supplying market for fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from European Union into South Africa was France, followed by Germany with very intermittent import volumes from Netherlands. The figure also indicates that imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from France into South Africa attained a peak in 2009 at an import quantity of approximately 333 tons, while import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Germany into South Africa attained a peak also in 2009 at import volumes of approximately 220 tons. The figure further indicates that imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from France into South Africa saw a decline between 2006 and 2007 and again between 2010 and 2014 at import volumes of not more than 15 tons per annum. The figure further indicates that import volumes of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Germany into South Africa saw a decline between 2006 and 2008 at about 1 and 4 tons respectively. The figure further indicates that over the past ten years, there were low imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from Netherlands into South Africa of not more than 41 tons. The decline in imports of fuel wood (saw dust) in logs from France into South Africa in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2011 marketing season. Figure 53 depicts import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from various regions of the world into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 55

Import quantity (tons) 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 53: Import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from the world 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 12069 11714 1132 3058 0 0 0 0 0 0 Americas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asia 61 37 130 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 Europe 106 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The figure further depicts that between 2006 and 2015, Africa was the main supplier of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) into South Africa, with very low or intermittent import volumes from Asia and Europe. The figure also depicts that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Africa into South Africa started to increase and attained a peak in 2006 with an import quantity of about 12069 tons. The figure further depicts that between 2007 and 2013, import volumes of wood charcoal from Africa into South Africa experienced a consistent decline up to lower levels of 3 058 tons in 2009. The figure also depicts that between 2010 and 2015 of the same period under scrutiny, there were no import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from various regions of the world into South Africa. The decline in imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Africa into South Africa between 2010 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2009 marketing season. Figure 54 indicates import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Africa into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 56

Import quanty (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Africa Rest 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SADC (excluding SACU) 12060 11714 11132 3058 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 54: Import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Africa 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Period (Years) The figure further indicates that between 2006 and 2015, SADC was the main supplier of wood charcoal into South Africa with no competition from other African regions. The figure also indicates that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from SADC into South Africa started to increase and attaining a peak was attained in 2006 at an import quantity of about 12 030 tons. The figure further indicates that between 2007 and 2013, import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from SADC into South Africa experienced a consistent decline to lower levels of about 3 058 tons in 2009. The figure also indicates that between 2010 and 2015 of the same period under review, there were no import volumes of wood charcoal from the SADC region into South Africa. The decline in import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from SADC into South Africa between 2010 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2009 marketing season. Figure 55 depicts import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from the SADC region into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 57

Import Quantity (tons) Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 55: Import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from SADC 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 14074 12030 11687 11132 3058 0 0 0 0 0 Period (Years) The graph depicts that between 2006 and 2015, Zimbabwe was the main supplier of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) into South Africa with no competition from other African countries. The graph also depicts that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Zimbabwe into South Africa started to increase in 2006 and attained a peak in 2006 at an import quantity of about 12 030 tons. The graph further depicts that between 2007 and 2014 imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Zimbabwe into South Africa experienced a consistent decline of lower levels of about 3 058 tons in 2009. The figure also depicts that between 2010 and 2015 of the same period under examination, there were no import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Zimbabwe into South Africa. The decline in import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Zimbabwe into South Africa between 2010 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2009 marketing season. Figure 56 illustrates import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Asia into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 58

Import quantity (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eastern Asia 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South-central Asia 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South-eastern Asia 34 11 127 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 56: Import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Asia 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Period (Years) The figure illustrates that, between 2006 and 2015, South-eastern Asia commanded the greatest market share of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Asia into South Africa, followed by Eastern Asia. The figure also illustrates that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South-eastern Asia into South Africa attained a peak in 2008 at an import quantity of about 127 tons, while import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Eastern Asia into South Africa attained a peak in 2006 at an import quantity of about 25 tons. The figure also illustrates that between 2010 and 2015 of the period under examination, there were no import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from south-eastern Asia into South Africa. Also important to note was that, there were no import volumes of wood charcoal from Eastern Asia into South Africa between 2008 and 2015. The decline in import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South-eastern Asia into South Africa between 2010 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2009 marketing season. Figure 57 depicts import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Europe into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 59

Import quantity (tons) Figure 57: Import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Europe 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 European Union 106 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph depicts that, between 2006 and 2015, the major supplying market for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from Europe into South Africa was the European Union, with no competition from other European regions. The graph also depicts that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from European Union into South Africa started with 106 tons in 2006 The graph further depicts that import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from European Union into South Africa decreased in 2006 to approximately 11 tons and a peak was attained in 2006 at import volumes of approximately 106 tons. The graph also depicts that in 2008 of the period under review, import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from European Union into South Africa saw a dramatic decline of about 11 tons. The graph further depicts that there were no imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from European Union into South Africa between 2009 and 2015. The decline in import volumes of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from European Union into South Africa between 2009 and 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2008 marketing season. Figure 58 illustrates import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from various regions of the world into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 60

Import quantity (tons) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Figure 58: Import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from the world 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Africa 26 2 32 0 2052 381 1572 1206 88 913 Americas 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 Europe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 63 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The figure illustrates that between 2006 and 2015, the major import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from the world into South Africa came from Africa, followed by Americas and Europe. The figure also illustrates those import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa started with approximately 26 ton. The figure further illustrates that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa decreased substantially in 2007 to approximately 2 tons. In 2008, import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa saw a slight increase of approximately 32 tons, followed by peak of 2 052 tons in 2010 The figure also reveals that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Americas into South Africa attained a peak in 2011 at about 56 tons. The figure also illustrates that between 2009 and 2014, imports of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa were very low and not more than 20534 tons per annum. The increase in import volumes of wood in the rough ((treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa in 2015 represents 937% as compared to 2014 marketing season. Figure 59 depicts import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 61

Import quantity (tons) 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 SADC (excluding SACU) 26 2 32 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 SACU (Excluding RSA) 0 0 0 0 2052 381 1572 1202 87 913 Source: Quantec EasyData Figure 59: Import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Period (Years) The graph depicts that during the period under review, import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Africa into South Africa originated mainly from SACU with very minimal volumes from SADC. The graph also depicts that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SACU region into South Africa started in 2006 with approximately 0 ton. The figure shows that import volumes from SACU into South Africa attained a peak at an import quantity of about 2 052 tons in 2010. The graph also depicts that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SADC region into South Africa started in 2006 with approximately 26 ton. The figure shows that import volumes from SADC into South Africa attained a peak at an import quantity of about 32 tons in 2008. The graph further depicts that between 2006 and 2008, import volumes of wood in the rough from SADC region into South Africa saw a slight increase in volume terms of approximately 26 and 32 tons respectively. The graph also depicts that between 2009 and 2015, imports of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SADC into South Africa were very low and not more than 3 tons per annum. The decrease in import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SADC into South Africa in 2015 represents 100% as compared to 2013 marketing season. Figure 60 shows import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SACU region into South Africa between 2006 and 2015 62

Import quantity (tons) 2500 Figure 60: Import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from SACU 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 103 59 600 0 0 Namibia 0 0 0 0 80 90 151 0 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 1973 188 1361 602 87 913 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major supplying market for wood in the rough from SADC was Swaziland, followed by Botswana and very intermittent import volumes from Namibia. The graph further shows that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Swaziland into South Africa started to increase in 2010 and at the same time attained a peak at approximately 1 973 tons. The graph also shows that import volumes of wood in the rough(treated with paint) from Botswana into South Africa started to increase in 2011 and attained a peak at an import quantity of about 600 tons in 2013. The graph further shows that between 2006 and 2009, there were no import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Swaziland into South Africa. The graph also shows that between 2006 and 2011, there were no import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Botswana into South Africa. The graph further shows that import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Namibia into South Africa were very low at levels below 151 tons per annum between 2010 and 2012. The decline in import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Swaziland into South Africa between 2011 and 2014 Figure 61 depicts import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Europe into South Africa between 2006 and 2015. 63

Import quantity (tons) Figure 61: Import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Europe 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Southern Europe 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 17 63 0 Source: Quantec EasyData Period (Years) The graph shows that between 2006 and 2015, the major supplying market for wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Europe into South Africa was Southern Europe over the same ten year period. The graph further shows that imports of wood in the rough from Southern Europe into South Africa started to increase in 2013 with import quantity of 17 tons The graph also shows that import volumes of wood in the rough from Southern Europe into South Africa s attained a peak at an import quantity of about 63 tons in 2014.. The graph also shows that between 2006 and 2012 there were no import volumes of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Southern Europe into South Africa. The graph further shows that imports of wood in the rough from South Europe into South Africa were very low at levels below 64 tons per annum. The decline in imports of wood in the rough (treated with paint) from Southern Europe into South Africa between 2006 and 2012 represents 100% decline as compared to 2014 marketing season. 4. MARKET VALUE CHAIN Figure 62: Processing of timber FORESTR Y GROWERS SAW MILLIN G TIMBER DEALER S SECONDARY PROCESSOR S CONSUME RS Forestry growers, of which the most profitable have their plantations located strategically close to the primary processing facilities, Saw milling, which is done on site by private enterprises, Timber dealers, which are the main timber distributors in urban areas, and 64

Secondary processors (mainly furniture and construction), which to large extent also market the products to the consumers. 5. MARKET ACCESS Tariffs that different importing countries apply to wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) originating from South Africa are represented in the Table below. Table 8: Wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exports from South Africa (HS Code 44020000) during 2016. No. Country Product Trade regime Applied Total ad valorem description description tariffs equivalent tariff 1 Angola Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 2 DRC Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 3 Mauritius Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 4 Zimbabwe Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 5 Belgium Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 6 Cyprus Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 7 Germany Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 8 United Kingdom Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 9 Netherlands Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal 10 Malawi Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal Source: MacMap 65 MFN (Applied) MFN (Applied) MFN (Applied MFN (Applied) MFN (Applied) MFN (Applied) MFN (Applied) duties duties duties duties duties duties duties (estimated) 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% MFN (Applied) duties MFN duties (Applied) Preferential tariff for South Africa 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Table 8 indicates tariffs that are applied by importing countries to exports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa in 2015. The table further indicates that Malawi applies high tariffs of 10% to exports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from South Africa, followed by Zimbabwe at 5% during the same period under examination. Tariffs that South Africa applies to imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) originating from various countries of the world are represented in the Table below. Table 9: Wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imports from the world into South Africa during 2016. No. Country Product description Trade regime Applied Total ad description tariffs valorem equivalent tariff (estimated) 1 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% Zimbabwe shell or nut charcoal (Applied) 2 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% Zambia shell or nut charcoal (Applied) 3 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% DRC shell or nut charcoal (Applied 4 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% China shell or nut charcoal (Applied) 5 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% Hong Kong shell or nut charcoal (Applied) 6 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% Lesotho shell or nut charcoal (Applied) 7 Wood charcoal, incl. MFN duties 0.00% 0.00% 8 Source: MacMap Swaziland Netherlands shell or nut charcoal Wood charcoal, incl. shell or nut charcoal (Applied) MFN (Applied) duties 0.00% 0.00% Table 9 depicts tariffs that South Africa applies to imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) originating from various countries in 2015. The table further depicts that South Africa does not apply any tariff to imports of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) originating from the above mentioned countries during the period under review. 66

6. MARKET INTELLIGENCE Table 10: List of importing markets for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exported by South Africa in 2015 Importers Trade Indicators Exported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Exported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Exported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 23608 100 36819 641-18 -15-12 0 Namibia 5099 21.6 7770 656 4 11 66 0 Zimbabwe 4695 19.9 6486 724-16 -12-22 0 Zambia 2351 10 3464 679-14 -11-58 0 Botswana 2159 9.1 3234 668-14 -6-24 0 Malawi 2154 9.1 2733 788-5 0 26 0 Mauritius 1307 5.5 2499 523-21 -18 28 0 Mozambique 1100 4.7 1311 839-8 -8-8 -25 0 India 854 3.6 2000 427 19 30 30 10 Tanzania, United Republic of 776 3.3 1630 476-28 -22 76 0 Ghana 748 3.2 1594 469 38 43 1190 0 Madagascar 593 2.5 1132 524-20 -17-41 0 Swaziland 505 2.1 678 745-36 -29-63 0 Uganda 352 1.5 795 443-35 -29-32 0 Kenya 325 1.4 684 475-51 -47 68 Nigeria 178 0.6 297 451-56 -51-64 0 Tariff (estimated) faced by South Africa (%) 67

Lesotho 152 0.6 19 6947 132 15-13 0 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 148 0.5 211 583-23 -14-44 0 Togo 133 0.4 132 893 23-22 27 0 Source: ITC Trade Map 68

Table 10 shows export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the world in 2015. The table further shows that South Africa exported a total 36 016 of tons of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to the world during 2015, compared to 37 016 tons in 2014. The table also shows that the major export destinations for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to the world was Africa, mainly Namibia with 7 770 tons, followed by Zimbabwe with 6 486 tons, Zambia with 3 464 tons and Botswana with 3 234 tons. The table further shows that Namibia s share in South Africa s exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) commanded greatest share of 21.6%, Zimbabwe s share in South Africa s exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) also increased by 19.9%, Zambia s share in South Africa s exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) increased by 10% and Botswana s share in South Africa s exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) also increased by 9.1%. The table also shows that export volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to Namibia increased in value and quantity of 4% and 664% respectively between 2011 and 2015. The exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa to Zimbabwe declined in value and quantity of 16% and 22% respectively between 2011 and 2015. South Africa s export growth to Zambia declined in value and quantity by 14% and 58% between 2011 and 2015 and South Africa s export growth to Botswana declined in value and quantity by 14 and 24% between 2011 and 2015. 69

Figure 63: Growth in demand for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa in 2015 Source: ITC Trade Map 70

Figure 64 shows the growth in demand for newsprint paper (in sheets or rolls) from South Africa to the world in 2015. The bubble graph shows that Kenya, Madagascar and Tanzania were the biggest import markets for newsprint (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa in 2015. However, the grown in demand for South Africa s exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) to Ghana increased by annual growth 38% respectively, while India s imports from the world also increased by 19% between 2011 and 2015. The table further depicts that, the tariffs were applied by South Africa to the imports volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) originating from various regions in 2015 such as India at 10%. 71

Figure 64: Prospects for market diversification for newsprint (in rolls & sheets) exported by South Africa in 2015 Source: ITC Trade Map 72

Figure 64 indicates the prospects for market diversification for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exported by South Africa in 2015. The bubble graph indicates that the major markets for South African exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) were Kenya, Namibia, Zimbabwe as well as Zambia. The bubble graph further indicates that if South Africa is to diversify its exports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) f., attractive markets exist in India, France and Ghana because these countries have increased their share in South Africa s newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) exports during 2015. 73

Table 11: List of supplying markets for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) imported by South Africa in 201 Trade Indicators Exporters Imported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's imports (%) Imported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Imported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 13467 100 24728 545 4 10 57 France 6359 47.2 11679 544 8 13 159 0 Finland 2893 21.5 5839 495 24 35 1233 0 Belgium 1916 14.2 3532 542 426 0 Germany 1127 8.4 1428 789-9 -30 994 0 Russian Federation 381 2.8 787 484 218 135 103 0 Austria 311 2.3 556 559 7-74 0 Sweden 273 2 484 564-14 3 0 Korea, Republic of 53 0.4 96 552 11 17-90 0 Indonesia 39 0.3 34 1147 0 Canada 34 0.3 102 333-46 -39-75 0 Namibia 31 0.2 52 596 80 0 Poland 25 0.2 50 500-73 0 Tariff (estimated) applied by South Africa (%) 74

Spain 20 0.1 42 476-44 -85 0 Area Nes 4 0 47 85 Source: ITC Trade Map 75

Table 11 depicts the import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from various regions of the world into South Africa in 2015. The table further depicts that in world terms South Africa imported a total of 24 728 tons of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) during 2015, compared to 12 810 tons in 2014. Considering the statement above, it means that South Africa is a net exporter of newsprint paper (in rolls & sheets) during 2015, as the country exported approximately 36 819 against the imports of 24 728 tons. The table also depicts that the major supplying markets for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from the world into South Africa was France at 11 679 tons, followed by Finland at 5 939 tons and Belgium at 3 532 tons in 2015. The table further depicts that France s share in South Africa s imports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) accounted for 47.2%, Finland accounted for 21.5% and Belgium was at 14.2% in 2015. The table also depicts that the average world imported growth of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) increased both in value and volume terms by 4% and 10%. The table shows that South Africa s imports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from Russian Federation increased both in value and quantity terms by 218% and 135%, respectively between 2011 and 2015. The table further depicts that, there were no tariffs applied by South Africa to the imports volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) originating from various regions in 2015. 76

Figure 65: Competitiveness of suppliers for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) imported by South Africa in 2015 Source: ITC Trade Map 77

Figure 65 shows the competitiveness of suppliers for newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) imported by South Africa from the world in 2015. The bubble graph shows that the major import markets of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) were Germany and Canada. The bubble graph further shows that during the period between 2011 and 2015, imports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from a country such as Russian Federation into South Africa grew at a rate that is faster than these countries exports to the rest of the world. Import volumes of newsprint paper (in rolls and sheets) originating France into South Africa have increased by 8%% in value and 13% in quantity s between the period 2011 and 2015. The bubble graph further shows that Russian Federation, Korea Republic and Finland were very competitive markets in the imports of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets). Russian Federation increased its annual import to South Africa by both value and quantity of 218% and 135% respectively. The bubble graph also reflects that Finland increased annual import to South Africa in both value and quantity of 24% and 35% between 2011 and 2015. 78

Figure 66: Prospects for diversification of suppliers of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) imported by SA in 2015 Source: ITC Trade Map 79

Figure 66 depicts the prospects for diversification of suppliers of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) imported by South Africa from the world in 2015. The bubble graph further indicates that France was the leading supplier of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from the world into South Africa during 2015 with an imported value of USD6 359, followed by Finland US D 2 893 and Belgium US D 1 916. Korea Republic imported very low levels of newsprint paper (in rolls or sheets) from South Africa in 2015 with an imported value of approximately 53 thousand USD during the same period under observation. 80

Table 12: List of importing markets for fuel wood (saw dust) exported by South Africa in 2015 Trade Indicators Importers Exported value 2015 (USD thousan d) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Exported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Exported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 114825 100 1498853 77-13 -5-37 Japan 89873 78.3 1088984 83-17 -12-36 0 China 7805 6.8 92328 85 20-17 0 Taipei, Chinese 5854 5.1 80972 72 25 21 48683 0 India 4825 4.2 70682 68 702 390-81 5 Swaziland 4050 3.5 143030 28 26 49-25 0 France 627 0.5 11216 56 0 Viet Nam 365 0.3 3218 113 730 3 Botswana 321 0.3 2212 145-21 -11-34 0 United Kingdom 187 0.2 950 197-62 -63 97 0 Mozambique 185 0.2 925 200 81 89-52 0 Namibia 182 0.2 1219 149 19 58 17 0 Korea, Republic 133 0.1 1000 133-81 1.2 Lesotho 121 0.1 1014 119-40 10 2 0 Zimbabwe 73 0.1 546 134 1 2 7 0 Saudi Arabia 52 0 151 344-66 4.2 Kuwait 43 0 120 358 4.2 New Zealand 29 0 39 744 2 107 0 Netherlands 22 0 47 468-86 -81 0 Source: Trade Map Tariff (estimat ed) faced by South Africa (%) 81

Table 12 shows the list of importing markets for fuel wood (saw dust) exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The table shows that Japan was the main market for fuel wood (saw dust) exports from South Africa to the world in 2015. The table also shows that South Africa exported 114 825 tons of fuel wood to the world in 2015, compared to 182 861 tons in 2014, of which 89 873 tons went to Japan. The table further shows that South Africa s exports of fuel wood (saw dust) to Japan declined both in volume and value by 17% and 12% between 2011 and 2015, while those to India increased substantially to approximately 702%% in value and 390% in quantity terms over the same period. Additionally, South Africa s fuel wood exports to Japan declined in value at about 17% and Swaziland s export growth in both value and quantity increased to approximately 26% and 49% between 2011 and 2015. The table also shows that growth in the value for fuel wood exports to the three markets of Taipei Chinese, India and Swaziland was higher than the world average between 2011 and 2015. 82

Figure 67: Growth in demand for fuel wood (saw dust) exported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 83

Figure 67 reflects the growth in demand for fuel wood (saw dust) exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The bubble graph further reflects that Japan was the biggest market of fuel wood although it was a declining market during 2015. The bubble graph shows that Japan was followed by United Kingdom and Netherlands. The bubble graph also reflects that the demand for fuel wood (saw dust) is growing at a faster pace (702 %) in India, followed by Taipei, Chinese at 25% during the period under review. The figure also reflects that during the period under scrutiny, India were the dynamic markets because the annual growth of South Africa s exports increased in both value and quantity to 702% and 390% between 2011 and 2015. 84

Figure 68: Prospects for market diversification for fuel wood (saw dust) exported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 85

Figure 68 depicts the prospects for market diversification for fuel wood (saw dust) exported from South Africa to the world in 2015. The bubble graph depicts that Japan was the biggest market for fuel wood exports from South Africa in 2015. The figure further depicts that should South Africa wish to diversify its markets of fuel wood exports during this period, small but attractive markets are available in India and Taipei, Chinese as their annual imports from South Africa increased significantly between 2011 and 2015 86

Table 13: List of supplying markets for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by SA in 2015 Trade Indicators Exporters Imported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's imports (%) Imported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Imported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%,p.a.) Imported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) Tariff (estimated) applied by South Africa (%) World 11852 100 247931 48-7 -7-3 -7 Swaziland 8456 71.3 217421 39-10 -9-8 -10 0 Namibia 2343 19.8 27320 86 10 13 24 10 0 Germany 361 3 643 561 21 32-12 21 0 United States of America 226 1.9 100 2260 12 3 37 12 0 France 183 1.5 47 3894-2 -23 26-2 0 Area Nes 148 1.2 2295 64 179 102 135 179 Hungary 67 0.6 16 4188-4 -3 116-4 0 Australia 19 0.2 2 9500-17 -31-85 -17 0 Zambia 17 0.1 60 283 0 Austria 9 0.1 11 818 82 0 Canada 7 0.1 1 7000 0 0 Source: Trade Map 87

Table 13 above indicates the list of supplying markets for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by South Africa from the world in 2015. The table further indicates that during the period under observation, South Africa imported a total of 247 931 tons of fuel wood originating from various regions of the world. The table indicates that Swaziland was the main supplying market for fuel wood from the world into South Africa during 2015. The table further indicates that South Africa imported 217 421 tons from Swaziland, 27 320tons from Namibia, Germany 643 tons and USA at 100 tons. The table further indicates that Netherlands and Australia were the most competitive markets for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by South Africa in 2015. The table also indicates that other countries (not specified) were the most competitive suppliers of fuel wood between 2014 and 2015, with an imported growth in value of 179% per annum. The table also indicates that other countries (not specified) were the most competitive suppliers of fuel wood between 2013 and 2014, with an imported growth in value of 179% and quantity of 102% per annum. 88

Figure 69: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by SA in 20154 Source: Trade Map 89

Figure 69 shows the competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by South Africa from the world in 2015. The bubble graph shows that during the period under review, United States of America and Australia were the biggest suppliers of fuel wood from the world into South Africa in 2014. The figure shows that Germany and France were the most competitive suppliers of fuel wood to South Africa in 2015. The bubble graph also indicates that Germany was the most competitive supplier of fuel wood (saw dust) in 2015, annual growth of 21%. 90

Figure 70: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 91

Figure 70 indicates the prospects for diversification of suppliers for fuel wood (saw dust) imported by South Africa from the world in 2015. The bubble graph further indicates that during the period under review; United States of America and Australia were the biggest import markets for fuel wood imports into South Africa. The bubble graph also indicates that if South Africa had to diversify its suppliers of fuel wood (saw dust); small supplying markets exist in Germany and France. 92

Table 14: List of importing markets for wood charcoal (including shell and nut charcoal) exported by South Africa in 2015 Trade Indicators Importers Share in Exported South Exported Unit value Exported Exported value 2015 Africa's quantity (USD/unit) growth in growth in (USD exports 2015 (tons) thousand) (%) value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 10413 100 21081 494-2 -28-40 United Kingdom 3207 30.8 5254 610-18 -19-49 0 Netherlands 2150 20.6 4554 472 21 19-26 0 Sweden 889 8.5 2031 438 11 13 0 Saudi Arabia 571 5.5 1304 438 281 285-22 0 Lebanon 469 4.5 933 503 590 5 Australia 371 3.6 864 429 0 2 202 0 Switzerland 336 3.2 998 337-23 -13 320 0 Israel 275 2.6 416 661 2 0-38 0 Kuwait 251 2.4 537 467 54-3 0 France 228 2.2 571 399-9 -2-44 0 United Arab Emirates 217 2.1 360 603 20 21-57 0 Germany 212 2 417 508 10 9-70 0 Belgium 196 1.9 338 580 79-13 -66 0 New Zealand 141 1.4 292 483 42 42-28 0 Greece 137 1.3 614 574 Lesotho 109 0.5 177 520 `17 27 Source: Trade Map in Tariff (estimated) faced by South Africa (%) 93

Table 14 depicts the list of importing markets for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The table further depicts that Europe (Netherlands, United Kingdom and Sweden) and Namibia were the main export markets for wood charcoal originating from South Africa in 2015. The table further depicts that South Africa exported 21 081 tons to the world in 2015, while imports of the same product were about 111 988 tons over the same period. The statement above means that South Africa is a net importer of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) to the world during 2015. The table further depicts that there was an increase in import volumes of wood charcoal in 2015 of approximately 111 988 tons. The table also depicts that most of South Africa s wood charcoal exports went to United Kingdom (5 254 tons), followed by Netherlands at (4 554 tons) and Sweden (2 031tons) in 2015. The table also depicts that South Africa s exports of wood charcoal to the United Kingdom decreased in value and volume terms by 18% and 19% respectively between 2011 and 2015. The table also depicts that South Africa s exports to Sweden also increased in value by 11% and in quantity by 13% respectively between 2011 and 2015, while those to Netherlands also increased in value to 21% and in volume by 19% respectively between 2011 and 2015. The table further depicts that United Kingdom commanded a greatest export share of 30.8%, followed by Netherlands with share of 20.8% and Sweden s share in South Africa s wood charcoal exports of 8.5%% in 2015. 94

Figure 71: Growth in demand for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 95

Figure 71 reflects the growth in demand for wood charcoal (shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure r reflects that United Kingdom was the biggest market of wood charcoal exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure also depicts, that France and Greece were also big markets of wood charcoal exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure also reflects that the demand for wood charcoal from South Africa is growing at a faster pace in Saudi Arabia at 281%, followed by New Zealand at 42%, while annual growth of South Africa exports to declining markets such as Belgium and Sweden were growing at between 10% and 80%%. The figure also reflects that Saudi Arabia in a dynamic market because both its annual growth of South Africa s export value and quantity in were 281% and 285% between 2011 and 2015. 96

Figure 72: Prospects for market diversification for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 97

Figure 72 shows the prospects for market diversification for wood charcoal (shell or nut charcoal) exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure further shows that in 2015, United Kingdom, France and Greece were the biggest markets for wood charcoal (shell or nut charcoal) exports from South Africa. The figure further shows that should South Africa want to diversify its markets of wood charcoal exports, small but attractive markets exist in Saudi Arabia, New Zealand and Sweden. 98

Table 15: List of supplying markets for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imported by South Africa in 2015 Trade Indicators Exporters Imported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa s imports (%) Imported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Imported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 13902 100 111988 124 3 8 14 Namibia 11207 80.6 101087 111 6 11 24 0 China 1176 8.5 807 1457 5 4-13 0 Swaziland 591 4.3 5033 117-3 -8 38 0 Area Nes 340 2.4 3022 113 200 547 15 Zimbabwe 240 1.7 1792 134-35 -31-65 0 Malaysia 214 1.5 98 2184-16 0-11 0 Indonesia 42 0.3 36 1167 180 0 Thailand 38 0.3 34 1118 0 Netherlands 25 0.2 3 8333-9 -12 19 0 Poland 21 0.2 10 2100 7 12-43 0 Botswana 7 0.1 66 5000-21 -8-90 0 DRC 4 100 143 UAE 4 80.6 500 Australia 3 8.5 167 Vietnam 2 4.3-91 Mozambique 1 2.4 167 5 Source: Trade Map Tariff (estimated) applied by South Africa (%) 99

Table 15 indicates the list of supplying markets for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imported from the world by South Africa in 2015. The table further indicates that Asia and Africa (Namibia, China, and Swaziland) were the main supplying markets for wood charcoal from the world into South Africa in 2015 import season. The table further indicates that, South Africa imported 81746 tons of wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) from the world, while the country exported volumes of the same product over the same period at approximately 111 988 tons. The table also indicates that import of wood charcoal from the world into South Africa increased in 2015 by 21 873 tons from the world as compared to 2014. The table further indicates that most of South Africa s wood charcoal imports were from Namibia at 101 087 tons, followed by Swaziland at 5 033 tons and China at 807 tons. The table also depicts that Namibia s share in South Africa s imports commanded greatest share of 80.6%, followed by China s share in South Africa s imports which commanded of 8.5% and Swaziland s share in South Africa s imports reduced to 4.3% in 2015 import season. The table further shows that there were no tariffs applied by South Africa to the exporting countries. 100

Figure 73: Competitiveness of suppliers to RSA for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imported by RSA in 2015 Source: Trade Map 101

Figure 73 depicts the competitiveness of suppliers of wood charcoal (shell or nut charcoal) from the world into South Africa in 2015. The figure further shows that during the period under examination, Namibia, China and Netherland we were the biggest import market for wood charcoal into South Africa. The figure also depicts that during the period under examination, Poland was the most competitive market for wood charcoal into South Africa with 114% annual growth of South Africa s imports, between 2011 and 2015. 102

Figure 74: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imported by South Africa 2015 Source: Trade Map 103

Figure 74 indicates the prospects for diversification of suppliers for wood charcoal (including shell or nut charcoal) imported from the world by South Africa in 2015. The figure further indicates that during the period under review; China, Namibia and Netherlands were the biggest market for wood charcoal imports into South Africa. The figure also indicates that if South Africa had to diversify its suppliers of wood charcoal, large and attractive (suppliers) markets exist in Poland in 2015. 104

Table 16: List of importing markets for wood in the rough exported by SA in 2015 Trade Indicators Importers Exported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Exported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Exported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Exported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) World 55172 100 5619027 9.82 11-27 Tanzania, United Republic of 9170 16.6 43007 213 48 45-69 0 Namibia 8374 15.2 633088 13-4 -9 0 Botswana 8302 15 520723 16 0 22 0 Mozambique 7816 14.2 961645 8.13 21 2 0 Zambia 3525 6.4 12938 272 59 132 0 Lesotho 3439 6.2 1099002 3.13 12 72 0 Kenya 3005 5.4 20830 144 22 63 52 0 Ghana 2655 4.8 25037 106 0 54 127 0 Viet Nam 1643 3 15484 106 19-49 0 Guinea 1028 1.9 9708 106-16 1253 5 Area Nes 764 1.4 1210 631 11 284 Mauritius 740 1.3 6867 108-7 49 3 0 Netherlands 719 1.3 6768 106-7 -11-45 0 Swaziland 599 1.1 285117 2.1-16 13 0 China 544 1 5087 107 43 82-17 0 Maldives 515 0.9 816 631 61 59 30 15 Source: Trade Map Tariff (estimated) faced by South Africa (%) 105

Table 16 illustrates the list of importing markets for wood in the rough exported from South Africa to the world in 2015 export season. The table further illustrates that Africa (United Republic of Tanzania, Namibia and Botswana) were the main export market for wood in the rough originating from South Africa during the period under consideration. The table also illustrates that South Africa exported 5 619 027 tons of wood in the rough to the world, while the country managed to import 635 595 618tons of the same product over the same period. The statement above further illustrates that South Africa was a net importer of wood in the rough in 2015. The table further illustrates that, most of South Africa s wood in the rough exports went to United Republic of Tanzania at ( 43 007 tons) followed by Namibia at (1 633 088 tons), and Botswana at (520 723 tons). The table also illustrates that South Africa s exports of wood in the rough) to Namibia declined in volume terms by 4% 2011 and 2015. The table also depicts that South Africa s exports of wood in the rough to Botswana did not increase nor decrease in value and volume terms by 0% and 0% respectively between 2011 and 2015, while those to Zambia also increased by 59% and 0% in value and quantity terms between 2011 and 2015. The table further illustrates that United Republic of Tanzania commanded the greatest share in South Africa s exports of wood in the rough at 16.6%, Namibia accounted for 15.2%, Botswana accounted for 15%, and Mozambique accounted for 14.2% during 2015 export season. The table further shows that South Africa had to pay tariff of between 5%and 15%, applied to countries like Guinea and Maldives. 106

Figure 75: Growth in demand for wood in the rough exported by SA in 2015 Source: Trade Map 107

Figure 75 illustrates the growth in demand for wood in the rough exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure further illustrates that Zambia was the biggest market for wood in the rough exported by South Africa in 2015. The figure also illustrates that the demand for wood in the rough is growing at a faster pace of about 61% in Maldives, followed by Zambia at 59% and China at 43. The figure also illustrates that Maldives was the biggest and most competitive market because both their annual growth of partner countries imports from the world and annual growth of South Africa s exports was at 40% and 100% respectively between 2011 and 2015. 108

Figure 76: Prospects for market diversification for wood in the rough (whether or not stripped of bark) exported by SA in 2015 Source: Trade Map 109

Figure 76 shows the prospects for market diversification for wood in the rough exported by South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure further shows that during the period under scrutiny Tanzania, Ghana and Namibia was the biggest market for wood in the rough exports from South Africa. The figure further shows that should South Africa want to diversify its markets of wood in the rough exports, small but attractive markets are available in Zambia, Vietnam and Botswana. 110

Table 17: List of supplying markets for wood in the rough imported by SA in 2015 Trade Indicators Exporters Imported value 2015 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's imports (%) Imported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Imported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) Tariff (estimated) applied by South Africa (%) World 8296 100 635595618 0.01 16 38 Swaziland 6762 81.5 635414814 0.01 16 41 0 China 463 5.6 859 539 283 21 0 Indonesia 373 4.5 588 634 908 0 Italy 289 3.5 14 20643 257 1345 0 Namibia 113 1.4 11439 9.88-6 19 0 Malaysia 84 1 255 329-72 0 Gabon 70 0.8 205 341-44 0 Zambia 65 0.8 108 602 622 0 Brazil 41 0.5 57 719-12 -32-53 0 Turkey 14 0.2 130 0 Mozambique 8 0.1 46 174 60-68 0 Area Nes 8 0.1 12 667-53 -47 Source: Trade Map 111

Table 17 shows the list of supplying markets for wood in the rough imported from the world by South Africa in 2015 import season. The table further shows that Swaziland, followed by China and Indonesia were the main supplying markets for wood in the rough from the world into South Africa during 2015 import season. The table also shows that during the period under observation, South Africa imported 635 595 618 tons of wood in the rough from the world during 2015 import season. The statement above also shows that South Africa was a net importer of wood in the rough as the country imported more volume as compared to what was exported over the same period. The table also shows that imports of wood in the rough from the world into South Africa increased in 2015 as compared to 2014. The table further shows that during the period under review, South Africa s imported growth in value and volume to China increased by 283%, while South Africa s imported growth in value to Italy also increased by 257% between 2011 and 2015. The table further shows that most of South Africa s wood in the rough imports were from Swaziland at (635 414 814 tons), followed by China at (859 tons), Indonesia at (588 tons) The table also shows that there were no tariffs applied by South Africa for wood in the rough imports from the world during 2015 marketing season. 112

Figure 77: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for wood in the rough imports in 2015 Source: Trade Map 113

Figure 77 depicts the competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for wood in the rough from the world into South Africa in 2015. The figure further shows that during the period under examination, Swaziland and Brazil were the biggest market for wood in the rough imports into South Africa. The figure also depicts that China was the most competitive market for wood in the rough imports into South Africa at 257% annual growth of South Africa s imports, followed Italy with 283% and Mozambique with 60% annual growth of South Africa s imports between 2011 and 2015. 114

Figure 78: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for wood in the rough imported by SA in 2015 Source: Trade Map 115

Figure 78 indicates the prospects for diversification of suppliers for wood in the rough imported by South Africa in 2015. The figure further indicates that during the period under review; Swaziland and Brazil were the biggest markets for wood in the rough imports by South Africa. The figure also indicates that if South Africa had to diversify its suppliers of wood in the rough, medium supplying markets exist in Italy and Mozambique in 2015, 116

Table 18: List of importing markets for hoopwood (split poles) exported by SA in 2015 Trade Indicators Importers Tariff Exported Exported Exported Share in Exported (estimated) Exported growth in growth in value 2014 South Unit value growth in value faced by quantity quantity value between (USD Africa's (USD/unit) between 2011- South 2015 (tons) between 2014-2015 thousand) exports (%) 2015 (%, p.a.) Africa (%) 2010-2014 (%, p.a.) (%, p.a.) World 6532 100 16568 394-6 -1-26 Namibia 1801 27.6 5123 352-1 8-18 0 Tanzania, United Republic of 1242 19 988 1257 17-19 671 0 Botswana 863 13.2 2897 298-6 11 4 0 Mozambique 799 12.2 2969 269-8 -3-1 0 Lesotho 604 9.2 1606 376 6 66 14 0 Mauritius 551 8.4 1366 403-7 1-69 0 Swaziland 173 2.6 677 256-23 -25 2 0 Malawi 118 1.8 334 353 0 Seychelles 56 0.9 108 519 25 63-57 0 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 55 0.8 1 55000-36 -73 511 20 Madagascar 50 0.8 151 331 0 France 45 0.7 45 1000 114 11-54 0 Area Nes 42 0.6 113 372-31 100 Libya, State of 41 0.6 104 394 0 Source: Trade Map 117

Table 18 illustrates the list of importing markets for hoopwood (split poles) exported from South Africa to the world in 2015 export season. The table further illustrates that Africa (Namibia, Tanzania, United Republic, Botswana and Mozambique) was the main market for hoopwood originating from South Africa during the period under consideration. The table also illustrates that South Africa exported 16 568 tons of hoopwood to the world, while the country managed to import only tons of the same product over the same period. The statement above further illustrates that South Africa was a net exporter of hoopwood (split poles) during the 2015 export season. The table further illustrates that, most of South Africa s hoopwood (split poles) exports went to Namibia at (5 123), Tanzania, United Republic of, at (988), followed by Botswana at (2 897 tons) and Mozambique at (2 969) during 2015 export season. The table also illustrates that South Africa s exports of hoopwood (split poles) to Tanzania, United Republic of decreased in value and quantity by 19% and 21% respectively between 2010 and 2014. The table also depicts that South Africa s exports of hoopwood to Namibia declined in value by tiny 3% between 2010 and 2014, while South African exports of hoopwood to Qatar also increased in value and quantity by 80% and 49% between 2011 and 2015. The table further illustrates that Namibia commanded the greatest share in South Africa s exports of hoopwood at 27.6%, Tanzania Republic of accounted for 19%, Botswana accounted for 13.2% and Mozambique accounted for 12.2% in 2015 export season. The table further shows that South Africa (exporting country) pay 0% tariff to the world market for hoopwood (split poles) during this period. 118

Figure 79: Growth in demand for hoopwood (split poles) exported from South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 119

Figure 79 illustrates the growth in demand for hoopwood (split poles) exported from South Africa to the world in 2015. The figure further illustrates that United Republic of Tanzania, Namibia, Mauritius and Botswana were the biggest markets for hoopwood (split poles) exported by South Africa during 2015. The figure also illustrates that the demand for hoopwood (split poles) is growing at a faster pace in l at (50%), while annual growth of South Africa exports to declining markets such as Qatar. The figure also illustrates that France is a dynamic market because the annual growth of South Africa s exports is 114% between 2011 and 2015. 120

Figure 80: Prospects for market diversification for hoopwood (split poles) exported from South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map 121

Figure 80 shows the prospects for market diversification for hoopwood (split poles) exported by South Africa in 2015. The figure further shows that in 2015, United Republic of Tanzania, Namibia and Botswana were the biggest markets for hoopwood (split poles) exports from South Africa. The figure further shows that should South Africa want to diversify its markets of hoopwood exports, small but attractive markets are available in Qatar and France. 122

Table 19: List of supplying markets for hoopwood (split poles) imported by South Africa in 2015 Exporters Trade Indicators Imported value Share in 2015 (USD South thousand) Africa's imports (%) Imported quantity 2015 (tons) Unit value (USD/unit) Imported growth in value between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in quantity between 2011-2015 (%, p.a.) Imported growth in value between 2014-2015 (%, p.a.) Tariff (estimated) applied by South Africa (%) World 109 100 976 112-5 13-49 Swaziland 65 59.6 855 76 15 26-50 0 China 37 33.9 99 374 116 135-3 0 Lesotho 3 2.8 15 200-57 0 Thailand 1 0.9 0 0 Area Nes 1 0.9 4 250 Source: Trade Map 123

Table 19 shows the list of supplying markets for hoopwood (split poles) imported from the world by South Africa in 2015 import season. The table shows that Swaziland was the main supplying market for hoopwood (split poles) from the world into South Africa, followed by China and India during 2015 marketing season. The table also shows that during the period under observation, South Africa imported 976 tons of hoopwood (split poles) from the world during 2015 import season. The statement above also shows that South Africa was a net exporter of hoopwood (split poles) as the country imported less quantity as compared to exported quantity over the same period. The table also shows that imports of hoopwood (split from the world into South Africa decreased in 2015 at approximately 976tons as compared to 1 252 tons in 2014. The table further shows that during the period under review, South Africa s imported growth in quantity for hoopwood (split poles) to Swaziland declined by 26%, while South Africa s imported growth in value and quantity for hoopwood (split poles) to China increased by 116% and 135% respectively in 2015. The table further shows that most of South Africa s hoopwood (split poles) import quantity were from Swaziland with (976 tons), followed by China with (99 tons) and Lesotho with (15 ton) during 2015 import season. 124

Figure 81 represent competitiveness of supplying countries for hoopwood (split poles) imported by South Africa in 2015 Source: Trade Map Figure 81 depicts the competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for hoopwood from the world into South Africa in 2015. The figure further shows that during the period under examination, Swaziland was the biggest market for hoopwood imports into South Africa. The figure also depicts that China were the most competitive markets for hoopwood imports into South Africa. 125