1/20 Fluidized Bed Combustion Ashes of Municipal Solid Waste Amon PURGAR a,b Petr PAVLIK a Prof. Franz WINTER a a) Institute of Chemical Engineering Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna b) Institute of Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040 Vienna
2/20 Introduction municipal solid waste incineration and FBC in Austria landfill regulations importance of incineration Ashes quantities and origin physical and chemical properties decontamination, recycling, utilization, disposal Summary
3/20 Fluidized Bed Combustors in Austria industrial sector number of facilities capacity range min/max installed capacity percentage Pulp & Paper 8 13 133 MW 476 MW 47 % Waste to Energy 7 3 110 MW 314 MW 31 % Biomass heat ant power plants 3 47 66 MW 158 MW 16 % Treatment of communal sewage sludge 5 1 20 MW 63 MW 6 % total 23 1 133 MW 1.019 MW 100 %
4/20 Historical overview on Fluidized Bed Combustion in Austria Installed thermal capacity within the industrial sectors pulp & paper (PP), waste to energy fluidized bed(wte), biomass heat and power plants (BHP) and treatment of communal sewage sludge (TCSS) over time. [A. Puragr, F. Winter, Chemie Ingenieur Technik, Volume 85, Issue 3, 2013]
5/20 Reasons for Incineration Directive 1999/31/EG on Landfill of Waste Article 5: reduction of biodegradeable waste going to landfill composting incineration Austrian Acts Deponieverordnung TOC content 5 % problem with plastics in msw incineration FBC grate furnace rotary kilns
6/20 capacities: msw incineration without co-combustion of msw, and without mono combustion of communal sewage sludge. Capacities installed in thermal waste incineration in tons per year of municipal solid waste in Austria.. Without co combustion in industrial boilers and without mono combustion of communal sewage sludge. FBC) Fluidized Bed Combustion [BAWP Austria 2011, Abfallverbrennung in Ö. 2006, Linz AG]
7/20 Emission standards of msw incinerators An elaborate flue gas cleaning system is required [mg/nm³] based on 11% O 2 EU-directive 2000/76 on thermal waste treatment half hour average daily average Austrian regulation on thermal waste treatment BGBl II 2002/389 half hour average daily average Dust 10 10 10 10 CO 100 50 100 50 C-org. (TOC) 10 10 10 10 NO x 200 200 100 70 HCl 10 10 10 10 HF 2 1 0,7 0,5 SO 2 50 50 50 50 Hg 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
8/20 different ashes bottom ash particle collector ash baghousefilter cyclon residues ash ash from the wet AirPollutionControl esp ash economizer flue residues gas treatment ash A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
9/20 Classification of new generated waste flux: int. ash working group Bottom Ash APC residiues Austrian legal classification ash slag from mswi (hazardous) fly ash and dust from mswi (hazardous) solid residues from mswi flue gas cleaning system (hazardous) Directive 1999/31/EG on Landfill of Waste Article 4: classes of landfill inert waste non hazardous waste hazardous waste standards costs
10/20 new generated waste flux 2008, Austria residues (ref. to Austrian legal class.) hazardous tons / year non hazardous tons / year ash slag from mswi 0 356.400 k.a. stabilized tons / year fly ash and dust from mswi 30.200 323.800 14.700 solid residues from mswi flue gas cleaning system 3.700 2.200 1.755 grate furnace [Abfallwirtschaftsplan, Austria, 2011] [H. Ecke, Waste Management & research 2000, adapted from IAWG 1995]
11/20 Classification of ashes as non hazardous waste: total content - mercury, lead, TOC, dioxins, etc. water soluble content - total water soluble content - Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, etc.
12/20 850 C T / C 400 C 200 C FG path /m A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
13/20 De-sublimation of different species in the flue gas path mass / g temperature / C [Dampferzeugerkorrosion; Manfred Born 2005]
14/20 850 C T / C fly ash 400 C total water soluble content Pb content 200 C FG path /m A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
15/20 fly ash particle size leaching problems surface /m A)fluidized bed combustor; B) gravitational and/or centrifugal separators, C) dry flue gas cleaning, D) baghouse filter or electrostatic precipitator, E) wet scrubbers; F) selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
16/20 e.g. lead content,sio 2 content in different fly ashes of FBC and Grate
17/20 Decontamination/Stabilization of fly ash reduction of hazardous material separation of ash flows (~400 C) thermal treatment electric melting burner melting wet chemical treatment leaching (neutral, alkaline, acidic) 1 10 % Zn 0 1 % Pb
18/20 Summary: Due to landfill regulations municipal solid waste incineration is an important technology in waste management. Fluidized bed combustion is an excellent technology to incinerate pre sorted municipal solid waste. It is often combined with the incineration of municipal sewage sludge. Because of the bed material attrition - mainly SiO 2 - increased residues are a consequence. Naturally the total content of interfering material - e.g. lead - is reduced. Due to the varying fuel and the constructional differences between the waste incineration plants the residues from waste incineration are a complex matter. Along with the flue gas path the content of interfering material is increasing.
19/20 Acknowledgements: The present research is part of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources. The Austrian ministry for transport, innovation and technology (BMVIT) is funding the TU-vienna s activities within the IEA - implementing agreement fluidized bed conversion.
20/20 Than you for your attention! Amon Purgar Vienna University of Technology