The Need for Coherent Food Policy Kelly D. Brownell Sanford School of Public Policy Duke University
World Food Issues Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture The Policy Picture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger
Number of SNAP (Food Stamp) Beneficiaries Source: CBO April, 2012: http://www.cbo.gov/publication/43175
Childhood malnutrition is responsible for over 2.5 million childhood deaths every year UN, World Food Program, 2010 FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2012
Under-5 Causes of Death Pneumonia$ Preterm$birth$complica7ons$ Diarrhea$ 33% underlying cause: 41%$ malnutrition 18%$ 14%$ Birth$asphyxia$ Malaria$ 7%$ 9%$ 11%$ Other$causes$ WHO, 2012
Proportion of People Undernourished 30%$ 28%$ 25%$ 20%$ 15%$ 14%$ 10%$ 8%$ 9%$ 5%$ <2%$ 0%$ Asia$&$the$Pacific$ La8n$America$&$the$ Caribbean$ Near$East$&$North$Africa$ SubDSaharan$Africa$ Developed$Countries$ Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012
Refugees: Countries of Origin China" Eritrea" Viet"Nam*" Colombia**" Myanmar**" Dem."Rep."of"Congo" Sudan***" Somalia" Iraq" Afghanistan" 0" 500" 1000" 1500" 2000" 2500" 3000" Thousands UNHCR Global Trends 2012 Major&Source&Countries&of&Refugees,&end&2011&
Are Food Crises the New Normal?
2011 FAO Report Food-based Approaches Fortification Dietary diversification Dietary modification Biofortification
Golden Rice Genetically modified to contain Vitamin A Most recent breed contains 100% DV Bred with local crops Increase Vitamin A intake in humans Tang et al 2009
Expected Time for Population to Double # of Years United States 70 India 37 Mexico Ethiopia 37 23 The world overall 50
Obesity
1985 BRFSS, BMI > 30 No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19% 20%
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2010 No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24% 25% 29% 30%
Projected % Increase in Diabetes, 2000-2030 150 134% 125 100 75 75.5% 50 36.5% 25 0 Yach, Stuckler, Brownell Nature Medicine, 2006 U.S. China India
The Dual Burden Coexistence of hunger and obesity Early nutrition experiences (stunting and obesity)
The Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Water depletion Water contamination Land degradation Monoculture Dead zones Deforestation Antibiotic resistance GMOs Animal welfare Biodiversity Fossil fuel use Climate change
Water
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ environment/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr4-2012/
By 2030 Half the world s population will be in areas of high water stress https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml
Global water footprint of production (1996 2005) 4.4% 3.6% 92.0% Agricultural production Industrial Production Domestic Water Supply Hoekstra and Mekonnen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012
Trends in Global Water Use United Nations Environment Programme
Gallons of Irrigated Water to Produce 1 kg of 172 529 1587 11380 Pimentel, 2004
Shrinking Biodiversity
PNAS, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/science/earth/a-disease-cuts-corn-yields.html?src=rechp Sept 30, 2103
Goss s Wilt It has come on like a tidal wave, washing across the Corn Belt from Minnesota to the Texas panhandle, a disease that few farmers had seen until five years ago. 10% of overall corn crop may be lost.. many plant pathologists suspect that the biggest factor is the hybrids chosen for genetic modification by major seed companies like Monsanto, DuPont and Syngenta. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/science/earth/a-disease-cuts-corn-yields.html?src=rechp
The Case of Orange Juice Year round production Uniform fruit Thin skin Few seeds High sugar
Climate Change
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Fertilizers Feed transport Farm machinery Animal processing & transport Methane Emissions Enteric fermentation in ruminants Release from animal manure Nitrous Oxide Emissions Release from urine and manure
Global Warming Potential Set carbon dioxide as 1 unit Methane = 23 units Nitrous oxide = 296 units Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture exceed emissions from transportation Steinfeld et al., 2006 Rome, FAO
Just Animal Agriculture % of total global emissions for carbon dioxide 9% % of total global emissions for methane 37% % of total global emissions for nitrous oxide 65%
Agriculture Climate Change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations, 2014
All aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including food access, utilization, and price stability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations, 2014
Food Safety and Food Security
http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2013/o121-03-13/index.html
http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2013/o121-03-13/index.html
Among the Major Concerns E. coli Salmonella Campylobacter
.cdc.gov/ecoli/outbreaks.html
U.S. Foodborne Illness 48 million Americans sickened each year 128,000 hospitalized 3,000 die http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/index.html
http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/10/09/china-food-safety-woes-soar-to-new-heights/
Foodborne diseases remain responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality in the general population, but particularly for at-risk groups, such as infants and young, children, the elderly and the immunocompromised. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/foodborne_disease/en/
Who Is Watching The Store?
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
The Problem Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Disconnected Uncoordinated World Food Policy Obesity Food Safety and Security
Examples of Conflicts Food industry growth vs public health Green Revolution vs. the environment SNAP benefits and soda Corn to ethanol supports Development and nutrition
Lancet Global Health, 2014
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/03/27/294895305/a-booming-economy-doesnt-save-children-from-malnutrition
A World Food Institute
Hunger, Food Insecurity Obesity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Food Safety and Security Expertise Economics Agriculture Nutrition Policy/Politics Business Law Environment More Stakeholders Universities World Organizations Governments Industry Foundations
A World Food Institute At Duke?