1 Pre-Construction Phase, & the Laboratory or Field Mock-Up Building Enclosure Commissioning: Train the Trainer Iowa State University, Ames Iowa May 10 12, 2016 Presented by Fiona Aldous Why test a system that has already been tested? Typical Manufacturers information for window to wall interface and basis for reported test results. Project Specification Excerpt (Window Wall Performance Requirements): Every building is unique, however performance testing identified in typical project specifications usually approaches the building enclosure in the same manner. 2. Air Infiltration: Test areas for air leakage of 1.5 times the rate specified for laboratory testing in Performance Requirements Article, but not more than 0.06 cfm/sq.ft. of fixed wall area when tested in accordance to ASTM E783 at a minimum static airpressure differential of 6.24 lbf/sq.ft. a. Test areas: 1) One column-to-column bay wide, but not less than 30 feet, by two stories high measured mid-floor to mid-floor. 2) Provide one test area for an exterior elevation, and one test area for a Courtyard elevation. b. Install zone dams at perimeter of test area to eliminate extraneous air from being drawn into test area during field testing. Remove dams after successful completion of testing. c. Perform tests in each test area as directed by Architect. Perform at least three tests, prior to 10, 35, and 70 percent completion. Pre Construction Phase Laboratory Performance Mock Up Allows for evaluation of the design prior to wide spread construction Pre Construction Phase Tests for water, air and structure per ASTM E 2099 00(2007) Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre Construction Laboratory Mockups of Exterior Wall Systems, performed by qualified independent test lab. Typical test sequence: Static Air Infiltration Test (ASTM E283) Dynamic Water Test (AAMA 501.1 83) Uniform Load Test (ASTM E330) Interstory Drift / Lateral and Vertical Movement (AAMA 501.4 200) Thermal Cycle (AAMA 501.5) Dynamic Water Test (AAMA 501.1 83) Structural Overload Test Thermal Resistance Test (AAMA 1503)
2 Standards and Guidelines Industry organizations: AAMA (www.aamanet.org) To act as an information provider and promoter of architectural windows in the fenestration and related building products industry. It shall also act as a provider of technical, regulatory, legislative, marketing, and certification support to insure that the appropriate standards are established, maintained, and communicated for the benefit of the users and suppliers of architectural windows, curtain wall, storefront and sloped glazing products. ASTM (www.astm.org) Formerly known as The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ANSI (www.ansi.org) American National Standards Institute, The Institute oversees the creation, promulgation and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector NFRC (www.nfrc.org) National Fenestration Rating Council, NFRC is a non profit organization that administers the only uniform, independent rating and labeling system for the energy performance of windows, doors, skylights, and attachment products. NAAMM (www.naamm.org) The National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) is the Chicago based trade association representing manufacturers of a wide range of metal products used chiefly in commercial and industrial building construction. WDMA (www.wdma.com) Window and Door Manufacturer Association, develops industry standards and test methods, certify products to industry standards, represent the industry before building code and regulatory bodies, conduct research on the fenestration industry, collect industry data, conduct educational programs for our members and serve as an information clearinghouse for specifiers, architects, builders, contractors and consumers. NRCA (www.nrca.net) NRCA is an active and progressive organization of members who share a common purpose and interests. Numerous NRCA committees and specialist teams are responsible for an ongoing development of new ideas, programs and services. NRCA strives to help roofing professionals achieve competitive advantages and develops and implements programs to improve members' businesses. International standards CGSB Canadian general Standards Board CAN, The Standards Council has the mandate to coordinate and oversee the efforts of the National Standards System, which includes organizations and individuals involved in voluntary standards development, promotion and implementation in Canada. DIN, Deutscher Industrie Normenausschuss DIN (German Standards Institute) According to DIN, standards are designed to promote rationalization, quality assurance, safety, and environmental protection, as well as improving communication between industry, technology, science, government, and the public domain. (After the transition period, the EU "CE" mark supersedes all other compliance certificates, provided the products in question are covered by an EU directive.) International standards Do not always equate. to US Standards Typical industry laboratory tests Façade Tests: ASTM E 283 Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen ASTM E 330 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference ASTM E547 00 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference AAMA 501.1 Standard Test Method for Dynamic Pressure Water Infiltration ASTM E1233 06 Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential ASTM C1199 00 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods ASTM C1363 05 Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus AAMA 1503 98 Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections AAMA 507; Thermal Performance Characteristics of Fenestration Systems AAMA 508; Resistance to Water penetration for Pressure Equalized Rain Screen Wall Cladding Systems NFRC 102; Test Procedure for Measuring the Steady State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems NFRC 400; Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Air Leakage ASTM E1425 07 Standard Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylight, and Glazed Wall Systems Typical industry laboratory tests Roof & Waterproofing Tests: ASTM E 283: Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage over Solid Substrate (adapted) ASTM E 331: Test Method for Rate of Water Penetration over Solid Substrate (adapted) ASTM E 1680: Test Method for Rate of Air Leakage over Open Framed Structure ASTM E 1646: Test Method for Rate of Water Penetration over Open Framed Structure ASTM E 1592: Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Sheet Metal and Siding Systems by Uniform static Pressure Difference ASTM D 2829: Standard Practice for Sampling and Analysis of Existing Built up roofing Underwriter s Laboratory (UL) Fire Resistance Directory UL 580 Wind Uplift Resistance Classification for Roof Assembly Factory Mutual Global (FMG) Bulletin 1 5 Roof Deck Sampling for Calorimeter Testing FMG 1 28R & 1 29R Roof Systems FMG 1 28 Wind Loads to Roof Systems and Roof Deck Securement FMG 1 29 Above Deck Roof Components Testing for air infiltration ASTM E283: Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen 4.1 The test consists of sealing a test specimen into or against one face of an air chamber, supplying air to or exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required to maintain the specified test pressure difference across the specimen, and measuring the resultant air flow through the specimen. Tare bag Testing for air infiltration Testing for water leakage Air filtration is determined by a calibrated high precision mass flow meter. The specimen is subjected to a constant air pressure differential. The difference in air leakage amounts detected after considering barometric pressure and air temperature provides the total air infiltration. Test results determine a Pass/Fail rating based upon pre determined criteria. Smoke bottle tests for air leak locations combined with pressurizing chamber Flow meter ASTM E331: Standard Test Method for Water penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference 4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen into or against one face of an air chamber, supplying air to or exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required to maintain the specified test pressure difference across the specimen, while spraying water onto the outdoor face of the specimen at the required rate and observing any water penetration. Comparison of Water Test Pressure with Wind Speed
3 Testing for water leakage Structural Performance Test Water resistance tests are performed on specimens to check for water penetration under cyclic and static air pressure. The air pressure is intended to simulate actual natural weather characteristics such as normal and extreme rainstorm with wind events. The spray rack is calibrated to deliver water application against the exterior surface of the specimen at a rate of 3.4L/m2min (5.0 U.S. gal/sf/hr) at the required cycle and pressure conditions. Predetermined criteria for water penetration determines the pass/fail result. Calibrated spray rack ASTM E330: Standard Test method for Structural performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air pressure Difference Dynamic test AAMA 501.1-05 Standard Test Method for Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors for Water Penetration Using Dynamic Pressure Observe for leaks at interior of chamber 4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen into or against one face of an air chamber, supplying air to or exhausting air from the chamber according to a specific test loading program, at the rate required to maintain the test pressure difference across the specimen, and observing, measuring, and recording the deflection, deformations, and nature of any distress or failures of the specimen. Exterior view of chamber under seismic loading of 1.4 lateral Structural Performance Test Thermal testing A uniform load structural test determines the specimen s strength under positive and negative airpressure loads. The results are determined by using gauges, occasionally digital instrumentation, which measures permanent set and deflection readings under ratios established by the standard and/or Professional Engineer. Structural load resistance tests may also include blast, impact test, and seismic or other depending on Owner Project Requirements Gauges measure movement of the specimen Hydraulic jacks create movement of the chamber structure to induce load specimen AAMA 501 05: Methods of Tests for Exterior Walls (Optional Test AAMA 501.1 Thermal Cycling) Thermal cycling test temperatures shall be selected to meet the expected job conditions, but if these are not known, the standard test conditions shall be utilized. Three thermal cycles are performed. Typically, this test is a part of the ASTM E2099 test sequence, followed by air and water infiltration resistance testing in accordance with ASTM E283 (optional) and ASTM E331 (at a minimum) respectively. AAMA 1503:Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections The AAMA 1503 test method is based on ASTM methodology. The U- factor is determined under winter, night-time conditions which simulate different temperatures on the interior and exterior sides of the sample. (interior: 70 degrees F, exterior: 0 degrees F). An exterior surface coefficient is established which is based on a 15 mph wind. CRF readings using thermocouples are taken at various locations on glazing and framing. Typically this test is performed on individual products of a standard size for comparison of CRF. Mock up tests Tests for water, air and structure per ASTM E 2099 00(2007) Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre Construction Laboratory Mockups of Exterior Wall Systems, performed by qualified independent test lab. Mock Up INTERIM TEST: Opaque Wall Air Tightness Test sequence: Install back up wall, air barrier, curtain wall and TC anchors, perform: Install insulation, TC panels & flashing, perform: Dynamic Water Test (AAMA 501.1 05) Install interior insulation & construct Thermal Chamber, perform: Thermal Cycle (AAMA 501.5) Thermal Resistance Test (AAMA 1503) Install coping, perform: 0.04 cfm / ft 2 at 1.57psf when tested in accordance with ASTM E283 Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen. Mock-Up air leakage at Opaque wall = 0.01 cfm/ft 2 at 1.57psf.
4 Mock Up INTERIM TEST: Fenestration Air Tightness Mock Up RE TEST (INTERIM): Fenestration Air Tightness 0.06 cfm / ft 2 at 6.24psf in accordance with ASTM E283 Mock-Up air leakage at Fenestration = 0.08 cfm/ft 2 at 6.24psf. Mock-Up air leakage retest at Fenestration = 0.02 cfm/ft 2 at 6.24psf. Mock Up INTERIM TEST: Water & Air Leakage Mock Up INTERIM TEST: Water Leakage Specified Water Penetration Resistance Performance Requirements: Curtain wall has an allows zero water leakage at 8psf in accordance with ASTM E331 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference Air Leak Detection: ASTM E1186 Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems. Mock Up INTERIM TEST: Water & Air Leakage Mock Up: Opaque Wall Air Tightness The air permeance of materials comprising part of the air barrier system shall not exceed 0.004 cfm / ft 2 at 0.3 wg [0.02 L/s.m2 @ 75 Pa] when tested in accordance with ASTM E2178 Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials. The air leakage rate of opaque assemblies that comprise the air barrier system shall not exceed 0.04 cfm / ft 2 at 0.3 wg [0.2 L/s.m2 @ 75 Pa] when tested in accordance with ASTM E2357 Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage of Air Barrier Assemblies or, for assemblies whose structural integrity is otherwise determined, ASTM E283 Mock Up air leakage at wall assembly/curtain wall =0.03 cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf.
5 Mock Up: Fenestration: Air Tightness Mock Up: Opaque Wall & Fenestration Air Tightness 0.06 cfm ft 2 at 6.24psf in accordance with ASTM E283 The industry standard organization, AAMA typically allows for an increase in air leakage allowance of 150% of design conditions. This equates to an installed air leakage allowance of 0.09 cfm ft 2 at 6.24psf. Field Testing shall be performed in accordance with ASTM E783 Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors Opaque wall has an allowable air leakage 0.04 cfm ft 2 at 1.57psf in accordance with ASTM E283. 0.06 cfm ft 2 at 6.24psf in accordance with ASTM E283. Mock-Up air leakage at Opaque wall and Fenestration = 0.01 cfm/ft 2 at 1.57psf. Mock Up: Water Leakage Specified Water Penetration Resistance Performance Requirements: Curtain wall has an allows zero water leakage at 15psf in accordance with ASTM E331 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference Mock Up: Water Leakage Water Penetration Resistance Performance Requirements: Curtain wall has an allows zero water leakage at 8psf in accordance with AAMA 501.1 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors Using Dynamic Pressure The industry standard organization, AAMA typically allows for an decrease in differential pressure allowance of 2/3 of design conditions. This equates to an installed differential pressure of 10psf and no water leakage allowed. Field Testing shall be performed in accordance with ASTM E1105 Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential Mock Up Fenestration: Condensation Resistance Specified CondensationResistance Requirements: Condensation resistance (AAMA 1503-985) at winter design conditions: 0 degrees F exterior, 68 degrees F interior temperature and 30% Relative Humidity. Dew Point 35.4 degrees F. No condensation or surface temperatures below the dew point.