Impact of Drought on Urban Water Supply: A Case Study of Jaipur City

Impact of Drought on Urban Water Supply: A Case Study of Jaipur City Dass Amit, Jethoo A.S, Poonia M.P Abstract -Ground water level in Rajasthan is depleting in last few years. The state is facing water scarcity problems as a drought like situation. The population of Jaipur city has been increased exponentially in the past few years, leading to acute shortage of drinking water. The water demand has been found to be 419.70 mld and the water supply for domestic purposes as 340 mld, thus, the deficiency in water demand as 79.70 mld. Unfortunately, with diminishing resources of drinking water, the human behavior towards water conservation is not changing. It directly impacts on scarcity of drinking water in droughts as well as in future. The objective of the study is to assess the present status of water balance for the city including all resources and demand of water by the population of the city. It was observed that due to little awareness of people and participation with Government agencies the impacts of drinking water problems during drought can be positively minimized. The outcome of the study would benefit the urban development authorities in optimizing the existing water resources through proper water harvesting. Index Terms Drought, Water Balance, Demand and Service level. I. INTRODUCTION The drought is just not the scarcity of rainfall but is more related to water resource management. Thus, the conventional attitude to a drought as a phenomenon of arid and semi-arid areas is changing because even areas with high average rainfall often face acute water scarcity (Narain et. al., 2005). Jaipur is the first planned city of India, located in the semi-desert lands of Rajasthan. The city, which once had been the capital of the royalty, now is the capital city of Rajasthan. At present, Jaipur is a major business centre with all requisites of a metropolitan city. The City with a population of approximately 3.11 million and a growth rate of about 4% per annum, depends almost entirely (97%) on ground water resources for its potable water supply. The current rate of ground water abstraction is not sustainable. The water table throughout the entire city area has fallen dramatically over the past three decades and continues to decline at an alarming rate, accompanied by increasing concentration of nitrates in the ground water supply; the nitrate concentration in the Jaipur urban area have increased from an average of less than 50 mg/l in the early 1970s up to an average of about 250 mg/l (with a peak of over 400 mg/l in some areas) in 2001. The Jaipur water supply problems are well known and the State Government has made long term plans to augment the Jaipur water supplies by developing sustainable surface water resources in the region. The Bisalpur Dam and reservoir, which is located on the Banas River about 120 km south west of Jaipur City, was constructed in the mid-1990s by the Department of Irrigation Govt of Rajasthan, for the purpose of providing potable water supplies to Ajmer City, Jaipur City and other towns in the region, and to provide supplemental irrigation for agricultural lands downstream of the dam site (BWSP Resettlement Plan Vol-2 Report). The major rivers passing through the Jaipur district are Banas and Banganga. Ground water resources to the extent of about 28.65 million cubic meters are available in the district. Although serious drought is rare, poor water management and exploitation of groundwater with extensive tube-well systems threatens agriculture in some areas. Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate receiving over 650 millimeters (26 inches) of rainfall annually but major patch of rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September. Temperature remains relatively high throughout the year, with the summer month of April to early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 C (86 F). During the monsoon there are frequent heavy rains and thunderstorms but flooding is not common (the only flood which Jaipur faced was in 1980). The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from 15 18 C (59 64 F) and with little or no humidity. There are however occasional cold waves that lead to temperatures near freezing (City Development plan). II. JAIPUR WATER SUPPLY A. Present Status of Demand and Production The population within the Jaipur Urban Agglomeration was 23.74 Lakhs according to 2001 census. This has been estimated to have risen to about 27.70 lakhs in 2005. Out of this, population within the walled city is estimated to be about 6.50 lakhs, the rest about 22.24 lakhs residing in the colonies outside the walled city (CDP, 2006). TABLE I: Present scenario of water demand in Jaipur 1 Population of city as per 2001 23.74 Lakhs 2 Present population 31.12 Lakhs (2011) 3 Population connected 27.98 Lakhs 4 Water demand 4197 Lakhs Liters 5 Water supply 3400 Lakhs Liters 6 Deficit 797 Lakhs Liters (Source: S.E PHED City office, 2011) 170

B. Extent of Coverage and Service levels In 2005, the entire population was not dependent upon PHED water supply. According to PHED estimates, about 23.80 lakhs population was being served by PHED water supply system, the rest 3.72 lakhs population was served through other systems developed and maintained by housing cooperative societies or from own sources. Thus in 2005, about 86.50 % populations were under PHED supply system. Production in Jaipur water supply system in that year from all sources was an average 348 million liters a day (mld). This worked out to a per capita supply of 146.20 liters per day for the population under the PHED supply system and for the total population; it worked out to be 126.50 lpcd. Judging by prevalent national standards and compared to water supply systems in most of the large urban cities including metros, water supply system of Jaipur in 2005 and currently, could be termed as satisfactory. These figures however, represent only the production from all sources. Actual quantity reaching the consumers is lower due to high Unaccounted for Water losses (UFWL). A study entitled Assessment of UFWL and reduction of losses in Jaipur water supply system was conducted by PHED between 1997 and 1999, which showed that UFWL was as high as 44 % on account of different reasons. This means that against 348 mld productions, the quantity reaching consumer ends was only about 195 mld. In per capita terms, availability at consumer ends is only about 82 liters per capita a day. This perhaps is the major cause why the general population feels that supply is inadequate against the requirement. Other causes include substantial drops in supply pressures due to large quantities released in short durations (CDP, 2006; JMC). the city, which has led to the development of parallel, informal water markets. There are several towns and villages in the vicinity of Jaipur. Six of these towns and settlements within a 25-35 km radius have been recognized as satellite settlements and are considered to be within the Jaipur Development Authority s (JDA) planning area (JDA 1995). The Master Plan recognizes these settlements as appropriate locations for physical growth (of Jaipur city) and expansion of the peri-urban areas. While RIICO (Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation) has developed industrial areas in the vicinity of a couple of these settlements, most of these settlements rely on agriculture or allied activities as their main occupation (MS Rathore, 2011) D. Water Supply Situation in Jaipur Jaipur s water supply system production in 2010 from all sources was an average 401 MLD. Of this, approximately 368.32 MLD came from tube wells, while Bisalpur Dam provided 32.64 MLD (PHED 2011). The current supply is about 148 lpcd for the population under the PHED supply system. This is on par with average public water supply standards in a number of cities in the country, including mega cities like Mumbai or New Delhi. However, only about 90% of the population in the city is covered under the water supply scheme of PHED (LEA & CEPT 2005).The scheme includes mix of supplies from both tube wells, as well as water from Bisalpur Dam. (MS Rathore, 2011 ) Fig.1: Jaipur Water Supply Network Coverage C. Existing System Sources: The corporation operates the majority of the tankers and approximately 1,640 trips per day are required to meet the city s supply-demand gap (PHED 2011) during summer. There are also large numbers of private tankers operating in Fig.2: Existing Water Supply System Proposals under Bisalpur Project Jaipur s water supply system is predominantly dependant on groundwater, with nearly 92% of the population relying on it to meet their needs, even though Bisalpur began serving the city in 2010. There are 1,658 governmentowned and operated tube wells scattered throughout the city, which are responsible for the bulk of total production. In addition, there are approximately 2,477 private hand pumps installed at various locations, which help to meet the demand of weaker sections of society (PHED 2011). Local 171

groundwater extraction rates exceed that of the recharge rate, decreasing water tables at an average rate of 1 meter per year. During the summer months of March-May, the additional demand for water is met by tankers, providing relief to the city s population, especially for those living in areas not supplied by the PHED piped system. The Municipal Corporation operates the majority of tankers and approximately 1,640 trips per day are required to meet the city s supply-demand gap (PHED2011). There is also large number of private tankers operating in the city, which has led to the development of parallel informal markets (Nexus M.S. Rathore, July2011) The only surface source namely Ramgarh Lake, which used to be the main source of supply more than 30 years back, produces insignificant quantity. After the monsoon of 2005, not enough quantity was received in the lake and the present level is only about 29. No water is being drawn from the lake at present and the current storage is being kept in reserve to meet the contingency situation during summer season. About 1 MLD is being however drawn from the seepage from the dam. The 1340 tube wells scattered over various parts of the city, are responsible for the bulk of the total production (347 mld). In addition, there are about 1845 hand pumps installed at various locations, which help in meeting the demand of the weaker sections of the society. Details relating to locations of a large number of tube wells, Clear Water and Overhead Reservoirs and their capacities, Hand pumps and productions in different zones are enclosed in Efforts have been made to document details of these to the extent it has been possible to collect the information from the Public Health Engineering Department (Narain et. al., 2005; CDP, 2006; JMC, 2011). TABLE II: Water Production in Jaipur City 1 From tube wells (1897 2900 Lakh Liters nos.) 2 From Bisalpur system 720 Lakh Liters 3 Single point tube wells (117 nos.) Total 15 Lakh Liters 3635 Lakh Liters TABLE III: Details of Sources in Jaipur City 1 Tube wells 1897 nos. 2 Hand pumps 1983 nos 3 PVC tanks 510 nos 4 Water supply zones 112 nos. 5 Tankers trip per day 1000 nos. 2 2007 31,16,000 415.5 185.0 241.9 40.0 291.9 3 2008 32,25,000 431.0 170.0 283.8 40.0 333.8 4 2009 33,35,000 446.5 155.0 325.6 40.0 375.6 5 2010 34,47,000 462.0 140.0 367.5 40.0 417.5 6 2011 35,60,000 477.5 125.0 409.4 40.0 459.4 7 2012 36,75,000 493.0 110.0 451.3 60.0 526.3 8 2013 37,91,000 508.5 95.0 493.1 60.0 568.1 9 2014 39,09,000 542.0 95.0 535.0 60.0 610.0 10 2015 40,29,000 575.0 95.0 576.3 60.0 651.3 11 2016 41,52,000 609.0 95.0 618.8 60.0 693.8 12 2017 42,77,000 642.5 95.0 660.6 60.0 735.6 13 2018 44,03,000 676.0 95.0 702.5 120.0 852.5 14 2019 45,33,000 709.5 95.0 744.4 120.0 894.4 15 2020 46,64,000 743.0 95.0 786.3 120.0 936.3 16 2021 47,99,094 776.5 95.0 828.1 120.0 978.1 17 2022 49,34,188 810.0 95.0 870.0 120.0 1020.0 E. Water Balance An understanding of the water balance of the city is essential to account for different components of water input and output and for reliable water resource planning. In this case for tube wells constituents 290 mld, from Bisalpur system 72 mld, from single point tube wells 1.5 mld thus, total 363.5 mld out of which the water supply has been found as 340 mld. The water demand was estimated as 419.7 mld thus, there is a deficiency of 79.7 mld water which affect on ground water table of the city (Table I,II,III). A study conducted by PHED during 1997-99 indicated that water table was depleting at an alarming rate of more than 1 m per year and it was predicted that by about 2008, water from Jaipur underground aquifer might deplete. They estimated the depletion of water table at present, which was observed as an average 3 m per annum. (JMC, 2011) F. Water Resource Potential The water demand for the Jaipur city for domestic use during normal rainfall can be made sufficient in moderate drought. However, further development of the proposed structures like tanks, reservoirs, nadis, tanks, khadins and anicuts at potential sites will increase the net availability of water. About 70 % of the demand for drinking water can be achieved by these structures during severe drought. Additional requirements for drinking water have to be supplemented through ground water resources or out-sourcing from adjoining regions. 6 Quantity supplied through tankers S.N Year Population Projections 40 lakh liters. TABLE IV: Water Demand and Supply Scenario Average Proposed Peak Demand From Demand Production Bisalpur in mld in mld in mld For Jaipur For Rural Total 1 2006 30,09,000 400.0 200.0 200.0 40.0 250.0 Continuous increase in water demand III. CONCLUSION TABLE V: Issues Reasons and Solutions Issues Reason Solutions Urbanization Industrialization and explosion of population Integrated water resource management, The policy, Planning for water resources indicates that the government would adopt an inclusive multi-sectored and approach 172

Depleting ground water table Deteriorating water quality ISSN: 2277-3754 Extraction of ground water through Wells and Tube Wells, decreasing due to (i) urbanization, (ii) coverage through sewerage system and (iii) erratic rainfall. The combined effect of these factors is resulting in fast depletion of ground water table. Inefficient Sewage network and Sewage treatment conjunctive use of ground and surface water resources. Conservation of water resources: In order to conserve and enrich groundwater resources, the policy advises the reduction of groundwater withdrawal as much as possible by conserving water. It proposes that an evaluation of recharging potential groundwater resources should be undertaken for better planning. The policy further recommends an aquifer-wise planning of groundwater resources quite similar to the river basin approach for surface water planning. Augmenting surface water sources: The policy recommends that traditional water harvesting structures be encouraged, in addition to the re-use of treated waste water along with promoting rain and storm water harvesting. Proper sewage collection, transportation and treatment system to be developed In the past few years, ground water level in India as a whole and in Rajasthan, in particular is going down. The State is facing a drought like situation. Ninety-nine percent dams of Rajasthan are completely or are at the verge of drying. Major cities like Jaipur is facing tremendous problem of drinking water. The city has adequate water supply with an availability corresponding to 126.5 lpcd covering more than 86.5 % population. However, on account of a high UFW (unaccounted for water) of 44 % the net water supply gets reduced to 82 lpcd. The main source of water is ground water, which is fast depleting as a result of growing population. It has been found that presently there is a deficiency of 79.7 mld in water demand. To overcome this problem it is recommended that there is an urgent need to work on ground water recharge as conjugate use of water; use of ground water and storage function of aquifers to supplement or regulate surface supplies under the simplest form of conjunctive use plan ground water providers would use surface flow when legally available during runoff periods and would rely on wells during periods when surface during periods when surface flow is unavailable. By Integrated water resource plan; in order to suggest integrated management of water resources plan, two basic principles which are to be considered are (a) water should be considered as an economic, social and environmental good, and (b) to promote efficient, equitable and sustainable development through integrated water resource management, rainwater harvesting, water audit for domestic purpose, re utilization of treated waste water. REFERENCES [1] Boland, J. J., & Whittington, D., The Political Economy of Increasing Block Tariffs in Developing Countries. Paper Presented at the World Bank Sponsored Workshop on Political Economy of Water Pricing Implementation, Washington, DC, November 3 5, 1998. [2] Boland, J. J., Pricing urban water: Principles and compromises. Paper presented at the World Bank seminar on Pricing of Sanitation and Water Services, February 18 19, 1997. [3] MS Rathore, Ladulal Sharma & N.P Singh The Uncompartable Nexus July 2011. [4] Chopra, Kanchan. Use of Water: The Next Two Decades, in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.38, No.32, 9 August 2003. [5] Jethoo, A.S., Analysis of urban water supply and quality for district Nagaur (Rajasthan), Proceeding of HYDRO-8 National conference on hydraulics, water resources and management), MNIT, Jaipur, December 15-16, 2008, pp 1028-31. 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[11] World Health Organization and United Nations Children s Fund Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. [12] Thomas D., Maria B. and Cornelius L., EU Water Saving Potential (Report-1), Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, July 2007 [13] Jaipur Municipal Corporation, city Development Plan, Chapter 9, 1-38. [14] Bisalpur Water Supply Project Resettlement plan volume-2 main report chapter1 (RUDIP). AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Amit Kr Dass born on October 11, 1967 Rajasthan India. He did his M.E.Degree in Desert Technology from M.B.M Engineering college of Jai Naryan Vyas University Jodhpur. A.S. Jethoo was born on September 25, 1961 in Rajasthan, India. He earned his Ph. D. degree 173

in Water resources engineering from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India in 2005. His major area of specialization is Water Resources and Environment. He is working as Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department at Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India. He has more than twelve years of teaching and research experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. He has published more than twenty research papers in the journals of national and international repute. Dr. A.S. Jethoo is a life member of Indian Water Resource Society, Member of Institution of Engineers, India (IEI) and Senior Member of the APCBEES. M. P. Poonia was born on July 7, 1959 in Rajasthan, India. He earned his Ph. D. degree in Thermal Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India in 1997. His major area of specialization is Internal Combustion Engines and Alternative Fuels. He is working as Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department at Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India. He has more than twenty five years of teaching and research experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. He has published more than fifty research papers in the journals of national and international repute. He has written/edited eight books and guided at least thirty research projects. Prof. M.P.Poonia is a life member of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), life member of Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE) and Institution of Engineers, India (IEI). He has been awarded by Government of Rajasthan, India in the year 2008 for his excellent services. 174