Country fact sheet Land cover 2012 Turkey September 2017 Photo: Toni García, My City/EEA
Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change The overall pace of land cover development in Turkey has increased, comparing with the previous period. However, the overall annual change rate 0,12% - is still quite low in comparison with other European countries about one half of the European average. The landscape exchange in the country is driven by creation and management, followed by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures and internal agricultural conversions. Water bodies creation occurs much more frequently in Turkey, than in the period and became one of the most significant drivers of change in the landscape of this country. The artificial sprawl in Turkey has accelerated with 1.34% annual artificial land take rate is more than twice higher, than in the period. The major concentration of the sprawl is situated around the Bosphorus strait. There is also the highest amount of conversions situated in that area. Unlike in previous period, the changes in land cover are densely scattered over the whole country. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000- - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. The accounts for Azores and Madeira are not included into this analysis. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Turkey: 6 1.1. Land cover 2012 [% of total] 2% 2% 90000 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] 8.0 1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2006] 15% 26% 60000 5.0 30000 12% 0 2.0-30000 25% 17% -60000-1.0 A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary balance table Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] Land cover 2006 13095 204569 135313 194304 97798 117826 4195 13071 780172 Consumption of initial LC 393.2 822.5 820.9 2527.9 460.6 322.5 39.1 60.3 5447 Formation of new LC 1374.7 595.9 309.6 2494.3 79.3 29.9 23.8 539.5 5447 Net Formation of LC 981.5-226.6-511.3-33.6-381.3-292.6-15.3 479.2 0 Net formation as % of initial year 7.5-0.1-0.4 0.0-0.4-0.2-0.4 3.7 Total turnover of LC 1767.9 1418.4 1130.5 5022.2 539.9 352.4 62.9 599.8 10894 Total turnover as % of initial year 13.5 0.7 0.8 2.6 0.6 0.3 1.5 4.6 1.4 Land cover 2012 14077 204342 134802 194271 97417 117534 4180 13550 780172 1
Land cover trends comparison vs. 2.4. Annual land cover change [ha/year, % of total area] 0 30000 60000 90000 0.08% 0.12% Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land 2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year] 0 30000 60000 90000 2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year] Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land -10000 0 10000 20000 Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces / bare soils Wetlands Water bodies Summary trend figures Annual land cover change [ha/year] 62291 90783 Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.08% 0.12% Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7201 17563 Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 5665 15126 Net uptake of s and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 4093 3049 Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 1316 1622 Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 1407-560 Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -5367-10607 Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 269 7731 2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] 40000 20000 0 lcf1 Urban land management lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 Agriculture internal conversions lcf5 Conversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes due to natural and multiple causes 2
Artificial surfaces sprawl () 3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year, % of initial year] 20000 0.57% 1.34% 10000 0 Artificial sprawl accelerates rapidly The artificial development in Turkey in is very intensive and it is the second most powerful driver of change in the country. Also, comparing with the European average, the artificial land take rate of Turkey is very high 1.34% - which is the second highest in Europe, behind Spain. There has been observed a rapid acceleration of the sprawl the land take rate is more than twice higher than in the period. The major concentration of artificial development is located around the Bosphorus strait the rest of the country is covered by scattered sprawl, with highest density along the western coast and also in the surroundings of the capital city of Ankara. Construction and sprawl of mines and quarrying areas are the two strongest drivers of land take, followed by diffuse residential sprawl and industrial and commercial one. All of these flows show significantly higher intensity, compared with previous the period. Also the pace of internal recycling of developed urban land represented by conversion from construction sites - has increased very rapidly. 3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area] 3.10. Artificial land take [ha/year] 9% 5% 0 2000 4000 6000 5% 1 68% 3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year] 3500 1500 2000-2012 -500 Continuous urban fabric Discontinuous urban fabric Industrial or commercial units Road and rail networks and associated land Port areas Airports Mineral extraction sites Dump sites Construction sites Green urban areas Sport and leisure facilities 3
Agriculture () Prevailing conversion from pasture to arable Behind the consumption of agricultural land by artificial land take and also by water bodies creation, the development of agricultural land in the country is driven by internal agricultural conversions, which occur with significantly higher intensity, compared to the previous period. Prevailing direction is the conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops in particular the diffuse one. However, both diffuse and uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture are also very frequent processes in the Turkish landscape. As mentioned above, the agricultural land is frequently consumed by water bodies creation and also by intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture to a lesser extent. 4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area] 25000 0.14% 4.13. Development of agricultural areas detailed balance [ha] 0.24% 3.70% 0.76% 0.89% 1.87% 0.48% 0.39% 0.07% 243 2 211 34% 0-25000 -0.42% -0.40% -1.32% -0.07% -0.24% -0.18% -1.5-0.80% -0.24% 242 1 241 0.001 % 231 6% 223 222 4% 221 213 0.4% 212 20% -50000 Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 211 Non-irrigated arable land 212 Permanently irrigated land 213 Rice fields 221 Vineyards 222 Fruit trees and berry plantations 223 Olive groves 231 Pastures 241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops 242 Complex cultivation patterns 243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation 244 Agro-ry areas 3000 0-3000 -6000 4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] Non-irrigated arable land Permanently irrigated land Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry plantations Olive groves Pastures Annual/ permanent crops Complex cult. patterns Agriculture with nat. veg. Agro-ry areas 4
Forest & nature () 5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012 [% of total area] 45% 28% Forest Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies 2 Increase of water bodies creation Forest creation and management with even slightly increasing tendency is the most frequent driver of land cover exchange in Turkey. Recent felling and transition is the prevailing direction of these internal flows, which depicts the same situation as in the previous period. Comparing with these conversions, creation over dry semi-natural land is much less frequent, however, it is also a quite usual process in this country. The situation in development is comparable to previous period concerning both quantity of flows and structure. There is a very significant incidence of water bodies creation in Turkey it is consuming mainly agricultural land. These processes are much more extensive, than in the period. 180000 5.16. Development of & nature areas detailed balance [ha] 120000 60000 1.05% 0.80% 0.35% 0.08% 0.09% 2.04% 0.3 0.02% 9.85% 0.9 100.00% 0.0 2.69% 1.55% 4.37% 2.77% 7.4 0-60000 -120000-0.5-2.0-0.54% -0.46% -0.57% -1.42% -3.05% -0.05% -0.20% -80.06% -1.72% -0.1-2.70% -0.19% -0.05% -100.00% Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers/perp. snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Consumption of initial land cover Formation of new land cover Estuaries Sea and ocean 8000 5.17. Mean annual & nature change by class [ha/year] 4000 0-4000 -8000-12000 Broad-leaved Coniferous Mixed Natural grassland Moors and heathland Sclerophyllous vegetation Transitional woodland shrub Beaches, dunes, sand Bare rock Sparsely vegetated areas Burnt areas Glaciers and perpetual snow Inland marshes Peatbogs Salt marshes Salines Intertidal flats Water courses Water bodies Coastal lagoons Estuaries Sea and ocean 5
Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 6.18. Consumption of land cover [% of total change area] 9% 6% Wet. 7% 15% 6.19. Formation of land cover [% of total change area] Wet. 0,4% 10% 25% 15% 46% 1 46% 6% A rtificial areas A rable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies 6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS) [% of total change area] lcf1 Urban land management lcf8 9% lcf9 lcf1 6% lcf2 lcf3 16% lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf4 A griculture internal conversions lcf5 C onversion from ed & natural land to agriculture lcf7 46% lcf6 lcf5 4% lcf4 12% lcf6 Withdrawal of farming lcf7 Forests creation and management lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes 6
Artificial areas 7.21. Consumption by artificial land take [% of total] 7.22. Formation by artificial land take [% of total] Seminatural vegetation 12% Open spaces / bare soils 1 Wetlands 0.2% Water bodies Arable land & permanent crops 25% Construct. 3 Green urban Sport/ leisure 2% Cont. urban fabric 0.2% Disc. urban fabric 17% Ind./ comm. 15% Forested land 19% Pastures & mosaics 32% Dump sites 0.4% Mineral extraction 28% Road/rail network 2% Port areas Airports 7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year] 7.24. Artificial development by change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year] 0 10000 20000 0.5 1.25% lcf11urban development/ infilling (cons.) lcf11urban development/ infilling (form.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (cons.) lcf12 Recycling of developed urban land (form.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (cons.) lcf13 Development of green urban areas (form.) lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl lcf31 Sprawl of industrial & commercial sites lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks lcf33 Sprawl of harbours lcf34 Sprawl of airports lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarrying areas lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites lcf37 Construction lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (cons.) lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisure facilities (form.) lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf911 Semi-natural creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) -5000-2000 1000 4000 7
Agriculture Water bodies 5% Salt marshes 0.05% Burnt areas 0. Sparsely vegetated areas 14% Bare rock 0. Beaches, dunes, sand plains 0. 8.25. LC consumed by agriculture [% of total] Inland marshes 10% Ind./com. 0,2% Disc. ur. f. 0,2% Transitwoodland/ shrub 14% Port areas 0.2% Miner. ex. 5% Scleroph. veg. Dump sites 0.2% Construct. Broadleaved Coniferous 2% Mixed 0.5% Natural grassland 4 Complex cultivation patterns 4% Pastures 1 8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture [% of total] Agriculture with natural veg. 19% Olive groves 4% Fruit trees/berry plantations 1 Vineyards 2% Nonirrigated arable 3 Perm. irrigated land 1 Rice fields 8.27. Consumption of agricultural land by non-agriculture [% of total] 8.28. Formation of non-agricultural land from agriculture [% of total] Complex cultivation patterns 20% Agriculture with natural veg. 16% Pastures 15% Olive groves Fruit trees/berry plantations Nonirrigated arable 27% Perm. irrigated land 17% Rice fields Vineyards 0. Beaches 0, Water c. 0,4% Peat. 0,004% Inland m. Spar. v.a. 0, Trans. w./s. 2% Nat. g. Mixed f. 0,00 Conif. f. 0, Water bodies 32% Broad-l.f. 0,2% Cont. urban fabric 0.2% Green u. 0,2% Sp./l. Disc. urban fabric 17% Industrial/ commercial 1 Dump s. 0,2% Constr. 2 Road/rail network Port areas 0.0 Airports Mineral extraction 10% 8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and s & semi-natural land [ha/year] 8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year] -1000 1000 3000-5000 -2000 1000 4000 Conversion from to agriculture Conversion from dry seminatural & natural land to agriculture Extension of pasture, set aside and fallow land Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation 8
9.31. Mean annual agriculture internal conversions [ha/year] 9.32. Mean annual conversions between agriculture and other LC types [ha/year] lcf411 Uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf412 Diffuse extension of set aside fallow land and pasture lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf421 Conversion from arable land to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf422 Other internal conversions of arable land lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf431 Conversion from olives groves to vineyards and orchards lcf432 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to olive groves lcf433 Other conversions between vineyards and orchards lcf441 Conversion from permanent crops to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf442 Conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land lcf443 Conversion from olive groves to non-irrigated arable land lcf444 Diffuse conversion from permanent crops to arable land lcf451 Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards lcf452 Conversion from arable land to olive groves lcf453 Diffuse conversion from arable land to permanent crops lcf461 Conversion from pasture to permanent irrigation perimeters lcf462 Intensive conversion from pasture to non-irrigated arable land and permanent crops lcf463 Diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from seminatural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. cons.) lcf523 Conversions from agriculturenature mosaics to continuous agriculture (cont. agri. form.) lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf54 Conversion from developed areas to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf913 Extension of water courses lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires lcf93 Coastal erosion lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. cons.) lcf47 Extension of agrory lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri. form.) 0 2000 4000-8000 -5000-2000 1000 9
Forest & nature Complex cultivation patterns 14% Pastures 6% Fruit trees/berry plantations Inland marshes Sparsely vegetated areas 19% Agriculture with natural veg. 17% Olive groves 0.4% Bare rock 10.33. LC consumed by & nature [% of total] Vineyards 0.2% Disc. urban fabric 0.5% Industrial/ commercial 0,2% Rice fields Mineral extraction 7% Dump sites 0. Perm. irrigated land 18% Construct. 5% Nonirrigated arable 27% 10.35. Consumption of & nature land by non-/nature [% of total] Salt marshes 0.2% Burnt areas 0. Water courses 0.4% Beaches, dunes, sand plains Transit. woodland/ shrub 19% Water bodies 2% Scleroph. veg. Coastal l. 0,0 Sea and ocean Broadleaved 6% Coniferous 8% Natural grassland 3 Mixed Broadleaved 0.4% Coastal lagoons 0.4% Fruit trees/berry plantations Vineyards Rice fields 0. Perm. irrigated land 4% Nonirrigated arable 1 Sport/ leisure 2% 10.34. Formation of & nature land from non- /nature [% of total] Sea and ocean 0.2% Water bodies 8 Green urban 0.5% Coniferous 0.2% Construct. 2 Mixed f. 0,002% Natur. g. 4% Scleroph.v. 0,0 Trans. w.s. 7% Dump sites 0.4% Beaches 0,2% Sparsely v.a. Inland m. Peatb. 0,0 Water c. 10.36. Formation of non-/nature land from & nature [% of total] Pastures 2% Complex Olive groves cultivation patterns Agriculture with natural veg. 6% Disc. urban fabric Ind./com 8% Road/rail network 2% Port areas Airports Mineral extraction 3 Transit. woodland shrub 40% 10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area] Broadleaved 19% 10.38. Main trends in woodland & s consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of land by urban sprawl Conversion from to agriculture 0 10000 20000 30000 Recent fellings and transitions Mixed 1 Conifer. 28% Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Forest creation, afation Conversion from transitional woodland to s Forest creation over wetlands 10
Sparsely veget. areas 4 11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area] Burnt areas 0.02% Glaciers and perpetual snow 0.00 Natural grassland 4 11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of dry semi-natural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to agriculture Forest creation, afation over dry semi-natural land 0 2000 4000 Bare rock 1 Beaches d. and s. p. Scleroph. vegetat. 4% Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Decrease of permanent snow and glaciers Water bodies 69% 11.41. Wetlands & water 2012 [% of total area] Estuaries 0,0 Coastal lagoons Sea and ocean 0.004% Inland marshes 12% Peatbogs 0,0002% Salt marshes 1 Salines Water courses 6% 11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation [ha/year] Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to agriculture Forest creation and afation over wetlands Withdrawal of farming without woodland creation Net water bodies creation Net wetlands creation -1000 2000 5000 8000 11.43. Mean annual conversions of & other woodland [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf511 Intensive conversion from to agriculture lcf512 Diffuse conversion from to agriculture lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (cons.) lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to (form.) lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.) lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.) lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.) lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.) -30000-10000 10000 30000 11
12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf74 Recent felling and transition lcf8 Water bodies creation and management lcf82 Water bodies management lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.) lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.) lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.) lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.) lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.) -5000-3000 -1000 12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year] lcf13 Development of green urban areas lcf2 Urban residential sprawl lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation lcf72 Forest creation, afation lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.) lcf81 Water bodies creation lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF91) lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other than LCF912) lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.) lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.) lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.) -1000 2000 5000 8000 12
CLC Changes CLC Changes 13
Drivers of change Drivers of change 14
Artificial sprawl Artificial sprawl 15
Agriculture Agriculture 16
Forest and nature Forest and nature 17