CHP 201: Commercial & Critical Facilities

CHP 201: Commercial & Critical Facilities Energy Facilities Connections Conference Leavenworth, WA May 8, 2014 Dave Sjoding, Director DOE Northwest CHP Technical Assistance Partnership 1

President s Executive Order 13624: 40GW of new CHP by 2020 CHP TAPs are critical components of achieving the goal: Regional CHP experts Provide fact-based, un-biased information on CHP Technologies Project development Project financing Local electric and natural gas interfaces State best practice policies Vendor, fuel, and technology neutral http://eere.energy.gov/manufacturi ng/distributedenergy/chptaps.html 2

CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships Key Activities Market Opportunity Analysis. Supporting analyses of CHP market opportunities in diverse markets including industrial, federal, institutional, and commercial sectors Education and Outreach. Providing information on the energy and non-energy benefits and applications of CHP to state and local policy makers, regulators, end users, trade associations, and others. Technical Assistance. Providing technical assistance to end-users and stakeholders to help them consider CHP, waste heat to power, and/or district energy with CHP in their facility and to help them through the development process from initial CHP screening to installation. http://eere.energy.gov/manufacturi ng/distributedenergy/chptaps.html 3

What is Combined Heat and Power? CHP is an integrated energy system that: Is located at or near a factory or building Generates electrical and/or mechanical power Recovers waste heat for heating, cooling or dehumidification Can utilize a variety of technologies and fuels CHP is a proven high-efficient alternative to separate power and thermal energy production 4

Over Two Thirds of the Fuel Used to Generate Power in the United States Is Lost as Heat 5

Environmental Benefits of CHP 6

CHP TAP Technical Development Assistance Screening and Preliminary Analysis Feasibility Analysis Investment Grade Analysis Procurement, Operations, Maintenance, Commissioning Quick screening questions with spreadsheet payback calculator. Uses available site information. Estimate: savings, Installation costs, simple paybacks, equipment sizing and type. 3 rd Party review of Engineering Analysis. Review equipment sizing and choices. Review specifications and bids, Limited operational analysis

Commercial & Institutional Sector CHP Smaller Units Up to 6 MW Loads Space heating Space cooling and medium temperature refrigeration (absorption chilling) Domestic Hot Water Dehumidification Differences between industrial and commercial CHP in system and operating strategies & expectations Strategies in meeting reliability and flexibility concerns Back-up heat expectations when CHP system is not available Often greater seasonality Types of prime movers preferred 8

Commercial Sector CHP Two smaller CHP units may be better than one Improves reliability and flexibility More heat and less power, which may be more cost effective in some cases Follows seasonality of space heating and cooling loads, ie: better part load operation 9

Why the Right Size Matters Efficiency and costs are not linear at small scales Smaller units generally have lower electrical efficiency Produce more heat, less power Can be an advantage for meeting thermal needs, which also may be higher than the electrical needs If value of heat is greater than electricity: Value of products may more than compensate for greater installed cost per kw Cost effectiveness may actually improve at smaller scales, depending on loads and costs 10

Common Themes Critical Facilities: Hospitals, 911, wastewater, etc Emergency diesel generators are often in place 24/7/365 On site fuel storage Community Shelters (Recreation Centers, schools, etc) Supermarkets Data centers Non-Critical Facilities: High-Rise, residential, office, assisted living, schools/universities, shopping malls, etc Central boiler/water heater, cooling 12 month thermal load 11

Prime Mover Selection Prime mover selection Reciprocating engines, micro turbines and fuel cells Focus on units appropriate for commercial applications Typical example of selection process 12

Prime Mover: Reciprocating Engines Size Range: < 5MW in DG application Advantages Fast start-up Relatively low investment cost Operate on low-pressure gas Can be overhauled on site High power efficiency with part-load operation flexibility Disadvantages High maintenance costs Limited to lower temperature cogeneration applications Relatively high emissions High levels of low frequency noise Typical Applications: food processing, office buildings, multifamily housing, nursing homes, hospitals, schools, universities, supermarkets, etc. 13

Prime Mover: Combustion Gas Turbine Size Range: 500 kw to 250 MW Advantages High reliability Low emissions High grade heat available No cooling required Disadvantages Poor efficiency at low loading Require high pressure gas or in-house gas compressor Output falls as ambient temperature rises Typical Applications: hospitals, universities, chemical plants, refineries, food processing, paper, military bases 14

Prime Mover: Microturbines Size Range: 30 kw to 250 kw Advantages Small number of moving parts Compact size and light weight Low noise Low emissions Disadvantages High costs Relatively low electrical efficiency Limited to lower temperature cogeneration applications Applications: All commercial facilities with a central heating and cooling system. 15

Prime Mover: Fuel Cells Size Range: 5 kw to 2 MW Advantages Low emissions Low noise High efficiency over load range Modular design Disadvantages High costs Low durability Fuels requiring processing unless pure hydrogen is used Typical Applications: All commercial facilities with a central heating and cooling system 16

Operation Can Be Different than Nameplate Operating strategy selection Thermal load following (electrical varies) Operate at critical electric load Operate to meet a specified electrical capacity 17

Electricity Sales Follows PURPA -- ground rules as implemented by: State utility commission or Local public government utility or Local electric cooperative Buy all/take all contracts 18

Absorption Chilling Reduction in electricity use and additional thermal demand due to absorption chilling Data centers: high electric/high cooling loads Supermarkets: Existing design that uses glycol for medium temperature cases, can replace DX chillers Office: Variable Air Volume (VAV) w/ hot water reheat, Water Source Heat Pumps, Water Source Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Any commercial building with a central heating/cooling system 19

Energy Conservation Building energy conservation and demand reduction comes first helps size the CHP system Then CHP as the next conservation and demand reduction measure Usually allows for CHP sizing reduction Allows CHP to operate at full load, most efficient Reduces first cost 20

Why Analysis Needs to Be Monthly Start with monthly energy bills Seasonality common in commercial buildings Needed to help select strategy choice Ability to stage multiple units to meet changing loads Part-load efficiency Fully addressed in a feasibility assessment 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Natural Gas Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan 21

Other Considerations Generating power and thermal energy with a single fuel source Plug and Play Flexibility Heating, cooling, steam, dehumidification, process applications Fuel source: natural gas, methane, pellets 24/7 diagnostics and monitoring Maintenance programs Operator Training Parts and components availability 22

Critical infrastructure refers to those assets, systems, and networks that, if incapacitated, would have a substantial negative impact on national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety. Patriot Act of 2001 Section 1016 (e) Critical Infrastructure Applications: o Hospitals and healthcare centers o Water / wastewater treatment plants o Police, fire, and public safety o Centers of refuge (often schools or universities) o Military/National Security o Food distribution facilities o Telecom and data centers 23

Infrastructure Resiliency A key principle of disaster preparedness Ability to maintain operation despite a devastating event CHP (if properly configured): Offers the opportunity to improve CI resiliency Can continue to operate, providing uninterrupted supply of electricity and heating/cooling to the host facility 24

Uninterrupted Operation Requirements Black start capability allows the system to start up independently from the grid Generators capable of grid-independent operation the system must be able to operate without the grid power signal Ample carrying capacity system size must match critical loads Parallel utility interconnection and switchgear controls the system must be able to disconnect from the grid, support critical loads, and reconnect after an event Uninterruptable The equipment runs 24/7 so no lag in power outage switch over 25

Hospitals & Medical Centers Critical facility What is history of power outages? What is their critical electric load? Likely to have more diesel genset capability than actual load requirement Different from average thermal load What is current interconnection status? Candidate for absorption chilling Can stabilize power and thermal needs What is age of boiler(s) Biofuel or natural gas stored for on-site fuel requirements per NFPA 26

Typical Hospital CHP System Configurations Sizes TYPICALLY range from 100s of kws to several MWs (depending on facility size and usually below 10 MW) Common CHP prime mover types in hospitals are reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, and/or steam turbines (mostly fueled by natural gas) Most hospital CHP systems are sized for the thermal load requirements with the resulting electric power generated used to first offset the power purchased from the utility grid (excess power can be sold to the utility) CHP systems do not replace the need for emergency generator sets to meet the life critical loads of a hospital Can reduce the number and capacity of the emergency generators Can increase the total electric reliability for the hospital Source: http://www.midwestcleanenergy.org/archive/pdfs/ushospitalguidebook_111907.pdf 27

CHP Benefits to Hospitals Reduces energy costs Increases energy efficiency, helps manage costs, maintains jobs, etc. Reduces risk of electric grid disruptions & enhances energy reliability Provides stability in the face of uncertain electricity prices 28

Project Profiles: Example CHP Installations Example Scenario Addressing Momentary Power Interruptions CHP Emergency Generators Limited Electric Service Availability Hospital Utilities Expansion LEED Platinum Disaster Relief Hurricane Katrina Disaster Relief Hurricane Sandy District Energy Energy Independence Unique Partnerships Energy Independence Public & Private Partnerships CHP Facility Lake Forest Hospital Beloit Memorial Hospital Advocate South Suburban Hospital Northwest Community Hospital Dell Children s Medical Center of Central Texas Mississippi Baptist Medical Center Danbury Hospital Thermal Energy Corporation (TECO) Gundersen Lutheran Gundersen Lutheran 29

Recreational Centers Is the swimming pool indoor or outdoor? Seasonal? Impacts CHP project options Dehumidification Swimming pool cover Major energy saver Develop thermal profile of swimming pool Use WAPA swimming pool calculator Evaporation is a major loss of energy Adding heat recovery for both sensible and latent energy Include moisture in analysis of thermal energy uses What is age of boiler(s) and water heater(s) Become a disaster relief center for the community Implement energy conservation first 30

Wastewater Treatment Facilities Does facility have an anaerobic digester for biogas? Need monthly biogas production data Seasonality can vary production of biogas Are other feedstocks available to boost biogas production FOG & food processor waste Does the WWTF have natural gas available? Can stabilize power and thermal needs Biogas scrubbing Strong system needed H2S, Siloxanes, moisture Heat recovery for digester, chilling of biogas, buildings & neighboring facilities Engine jacket, exhaust heat & oil cooler Energy independence Critical facility 31

Questions? Dave Sjoding, Northwest CHP Technical Assistance Partnership Washington State University Extension Energy Program sjodingd@energy.wsu.edu 33