PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY FROM SWINE AND DAIRY SLURRIES Crrie A.M. Loski 1 Introduction Compred to nitrogen (N), reltively little is known out the vilility of phosphorus (P) from mnure to crops. Mny stte extension ulletins recommend tht 50-80% of totl P in mnure is ville to crops the first yer fter ppliction. This numer is likely sed on the fct tht 35-90% of P in mnures is in the inorgnic form (Peperzk, et l., 1959; Brnett, 1994), which is immeditely ville to crops. The remining P tht is not credited in the first yer is usully never credited. In ddition, the sme vilility coefficient/index is usully given to ll mnure types, regrdless of species, diets, or storge. Understnding mnure P chemistry in soil nd trying to predict P vilility is n importnt component for mking nutrient mngement plns tht mximize economic enefits nd minimize environmentl risks. Injection of liquid mnures into the soil provides unique soil chemicl/iochemicl environment ecuse the mnure injection nds re undistured y susequent tillge nd thus impct only out one-tenth of the soil in field (Schmitt et l., 1992). Schmitt et l. (1992) studied the unique chemicl environment within nd of injected eef mnure with respect to nitrogen. The ehvior of P in mnure injection nds hs received limited study (Comfort et l., 1987; Motvlli et l., 1989; Sutton et l., 1982). Some pst reserch suggests tht mnure P my e eqully or more ville thn fertilizer P (Gle et l., 2000; Meek et l., 1979, Aott nd Tucker, 1973). This my e explined y the fct tht severl nions of orgnic cids hve een found to prevent P fixtion nd re le to replce P ound to the soil resulting in greter concentrtions of ville P (Swenson et l., 1949; Ngrjh et l., 1970; Kfkfi et l., 1988). Swenson et l. (1949) found tht the orgnic cid s effectiveness in decresing P sorption ws dependent upon the nion concentrtion. Struthers nd Sieling (1950) discovered tht t ny ph found in griculturl soils, there were orgnic nions tht could effectively prevent P sorption to iron nd luminum nd they were the sme orgnic cids tht re produced in gret quntity y microil degrdtion of orgnic mtter. Anderson et l. (1974) found tht inositol hexphosphte (n orgnic P compound found in mnure) ws preferentilly sored to the soil compred to orthophosphte such tht tretment of the soil with inositol hexphosphte relesed orthophosphte ound to the soil nd reduced lter sorption of orthophosphte. Mnure-P hs not lwys een found to e more ville thn fertilizer-p. Elis-Azr et l. (1980) found mnure-p, from fresh nd composted diry mnure, ws s ville s KH 2 PO 4 - P in lkline sndy soils. The verge reltive P vilility of fresh mnure ws 0.71 nd for composted mnure ws 0.65, in the other soils studied (textures rnging from sndy lom to silty cly nd ph 4.6 to 8.2). Additionlly, Elis-Azr et l. (1980) reported tht the reltive vilility of mnure-p incresed s ph nd snd content incresed. Overll, mnure-p ws less ville thn KH 2 PO 4 -P. Grcey (1984) mended ryegrss turves with cttle (2.71 g L -1 P), pig (4.85 g L -1 P), nd sheep (2.49 g L -1 P) mnure nd monommonium phosphte (MAP) t the sme rtes of totl P. 1 Assistnt Professor nd Fertility Extension Specilist, Dept. of Crop & Sciences, Michign Stte University, 580 Plnt & Sciences Building, Est Lnsing, MI 48824
After 168 dys of incution, the order of P vilility ws MAP > pig > cttle > sheep. Using the men ville soil P level for the gretest P ppliction rte given y Grcey (1984), the reltive vilility of mnure-p compred to MAP ws 0.62, 0.47, nd 0.36 for pig, cttle, nd sheep, respectively. In nother study, Shrpley nd Sisk (1997) found tht poultry litter lechte- P ws less ville thn KH 2 PO 4 when incuted with 193 soils for seven dys. When soils were roken into 3 groups, clcreous, slightly wethered, nd highly wethered, the reltive vilility of litter lechte-p compred to KH 2 PO 4 -P ws 0.61, 0.58, nd 0.52, respectively. The ojectives of these studies were designed to otin etter understnding of mnure- P vilility in mnure injection nds y 1) evluting the reltive vilility of mnure-p compred to fertilizer-p, 2) determining if differences in P vilility exist etween mnure from different species, nd 3) determining if previous mnure pplictions impct the P vilility of susequent mnure or fertilizer pplictions. Mterils nd Methods There re two different studies reported on in this pper. One tht ws performed on Minnesot soils nd nother performed on Michign soils. Where pproprite, discussion of soils nd results from oth sttes will e intermingled. s from seven different soil mpping units, which re representtive of soils commonly receiving mnure pplictions in Minnesot, were used in this study. Two different loctions were selected within ech mpping unit sed on mnure ppliction history. One loction hd no history of mnure ppliction while the second did. The exception ws the Nicollet soil where three loctions were smpled; one hving no mnure history (Ni1) nd two hving different mnure ppliction histories (Ni2 - moderte nd Ni3 - hevy). Six soils were lso collected from south centrl-michign. These soils were selected with rnge in texture nd hving Bry 1-P soil test level < 30 mg kg -1 nd ph < 7. All soils were collected to depth of 0.15 m, ir-dried, nd sieved to pss 2mm sieve. Tle 1 contins informtion regrding soil clssifiction, chrcteriztion, nd field mnure ppliction history of the selected soils. For the Minnesot study, swine slurry ws collected from n in-ground, neroic storge pit of swine-finishing house tht ws eing gitted. For the Michign study, diry slurry ws collected from short-term storge pit ner feedlot; while swine slurry ws collected from slotted floor feeder house t the time of clening. All mnures were well mixed nd sieved (2mm) to remove lrge residul prticles. Mnure ws nlyzed for percent moisture, percent solids, totl N, totl P, nd K (Tle 2). The mnures were frozen in polyethylene jugs for long-term storge prior to use. In the Minnesot study, swine slurry or fertilizer (KH 2 PO 4 ) ws pplied t 0, 144, or 288 mg totl P (P T ) kg -1 nd incuted for 9 months t 25 C. Smples were collected periodiclly throughout the incution. Moisture in ech soil ws mintined t 70 to 90 % of field cpcity. In the Michign study, swine slurry ws pplied t rte of 117 mg P T kg -1 ; while fertilizer nd diry slurry were pplied t rte of 100 mg P T kg -1. All mixtures were incuted t 22 C for 6 weeks mintining soil moisture etween 70 nd 85 % of field cpcity. s in the Michign study were pcked to ulk density of 1.2 Mg m -3. These ppliction rtes re equivlent to verticl knife injection ppliction rtes of 3,600, 7,200, 5,600, nd 2,800 gl cre -1 for Minnesot swine lower rte, Minnesot swine higher rte, Michign diry, nd Michign swine slurries, respectively. The ssumptions ehind this re tht knifed-in mnure influences volume of soil equivlent to 0.15 m in dimeter nd knife spcing of 0.76 m.
For ll dt, the Bry P soil test of the control soil ws sutrcted from the soil test of the mnure or fertilizer treted soils resulting in n increse in soil test due to mnure or fertilizer ppliction. The increse in soil test ws then divided y the mount of P T or P I dded to the soil. This provides rtio of the increse in soil test per P dded. The Minnesot study ws nlyzed using regression nlysis; detils cn e found in Loski nd Lm (2003). The Michign study ws nlyzed using ANOVA nd Fisher s LSD for mens seprtion. Both studies were evluted t the = 0.05 level. Minnesot Study Results nd Discussion When swine slurry ws dded to soil t the sme rte of totl P s fertilizer, the increse in soil test P (STP) per P T pplied ws greter for mnure compred to fertilizer for ll ut one (Vd2) soil (Figures 1 nd 2) fter 1 month of incution. The sme reltionship holds true fter 9 months of incution (dt not shown) (Loski nd Lm, 2003). This mens tht swine slurry ws more effective in incresing soil test P thn fertilizer nd hd greter P vilility reltive to fertilizer. The dt in Figures 1 nd 2 were lso compred to evlute the reltive effectiveness of mnure to increse STP on given soil series when compring soil with previous mnure history to one without previous mnure history. For pproximtely one-hlf of the soils (PB, S, Ni2/Ni1, nd B), there ws no difference in the reltive effectiveness of mnure-p to increse STP on previously mnured compred to unmnured soil. When differences did occur, in 75 % of the occurrences (W, Vd, Ni3/Ni1), the reltive effectiveness of mnure-p to increse STP on previously mnured soil ws less thn on previously unmnured soil. This occurred over the rnge of soil textures nd previous species of mnure pplied (Loski nd Lm, 2003). Michign Study The increse in STP per P T pplied vried etween P sources, fertilizer, swine slurry, or diry slurry. For Co1, Co2, nd Pr soils, the increse in STP per P T pplied ws significntly different etween ll sources in the order of fertilizer > swine slurry > diry slurry (Figure 3). For the Os nd Sk soils, swine slurry incresed STP per P T pplied s much s fertilizer did. On these soils, diry slurry incresed STP significntly less thn fertilizer or swine slurry. Overll, diry slurry did not increse STP s much s fertilizer. However, on two of the five soils, swine slurry incresed STP s much s fertilizer. Inorgnic P ws lso mesured on the mnure slurries. Thus, the increse in STP per P I pplied could e clculted. On P I sis, swine slurry incresed STP per P I pplied more thn fertilizer for the Co1, Os, nd Sk soils (Figure 4). Swine slurry incresed STP per P I pplied s much s fertilizer on the Co2 soil nd less thn fertilizer on the Pr soil. Diry slurry incresed STP per P I pplied s much s fertilizer on the Os nd Sk soils, ut incresed STP less thn fertilizer on the Co1, Co2, nd Pr soils. Diry slurry lwys incresed STP less thn swine slurry. This dt shows tht P I from swine slurry cn e more effective in incresing STP, nd susequently plnt ville P, thn fertilizer over rnge of soil textures. These dt, on P I sis, re lso supported y other reserch on these soils. Mrshll nd Loski (2003) found tht inorgnic P from swine slurry sored to soil less thn KH 2 PO 4 ut tht inorgnic P from diry slurry sored to soil more thn KH 2 PO 4. Suggesting tht ppliction of swine nd diry mnure could increse STP more or less, respectively, thn fertilizer.
Both Studies The differences in ility of P from mnure to increse soil test re likely result of the contents of the mnure itself. For exmple, wht percentge of P T ws P I ; niml diet, storge, forms of orgnic P in mnure, nd mount nd type of orgnic cids in mnure. The P T in oth swine slurries used generlly hd P vililities similr to or greter thn fertilizer, while the P T in the diry slurry hd P vilility less thn fertilizer. This suggests tht there my e some inherent differences in mnure output from monogstric vs. ruminnt nimls not to mention the impct of different dietry mngement strtegies. It must e cknowledged tht in oth studies, the mount of mnure pplied ws sed on mnure injection nd. This would e equivlent to extremely lrge rodcst incorported rtes (greter thn cre-inch of wter). During the incution, ll of the mnure pplied remined in contct with the sme volume of soil. These circumstnces likely would not pply under field conditions where the mnure is suject to movement in the soil due to wter movement or tillge. Conclusions Phosphorus from swine slurry ws found to increse STP more, eqully, or less thn fertilizer over the two studies, while P from diry slurry ws found to increse STP less thn fertilizer. When mnure is pplied to soils with previous mnure history, the STP levels my increse differently thn when mnure is pplied to soil for the first time. These dt suggest tht P vilility coefficients (similr to N minerliztion coefficients) for vrious mnure sources should e developed to provide etter guidnce on how mny P credits from mnure cn e tken when developing nutrient mngement plns. Injection of liquid mnures is considered est mngement prctice with regrd to efficient N cpture nd reducing P loss to surfce wters. These studies suggest tht mnure injection my crete nds of soil with high P vilility. Further studies need to e conducted in the field to determine the effect of mnure injection on the sptil nd temporl vriility of ville P in the soil nd determine how mnure ppliction methods my impct plnt uptke of P nd P loss to runoff (Loski nd Lm, 2003). Acknowledgments Lrge portions of this pper hve een tken from Loski nd Lm (2003). Funding for the Michign study ws provided y the United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture s 2002 Specil Grnt for Sustinle Agriculture. References Aott, J.L. nd T.C. Tucker. 1973. Persistence of mnure phosphorus vilility in clcreous soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:60-63. Anderson, G., E.G. Willims, nd J.O. Moir. 1974. A comprison of the sorption of inorgnic orthophosphte nd inositol hexphosphte y six cid soils. J. Sci. 25:51-62.
Brnett, G.M. 1994. Phosphorus forms in niml mnure. Bioresource Technol. 49:139-147. Comfort, S.D., P.P. Motvlli, K.A. Kelling, J.C. Converse. 1987. profile N, P, nd K chnges from injected liquid diry mnure or rodcst fertilizer. Trns. ASAE 30:1364-1369. Elis-Azr, K. A.E. Lg, nd P.F. Prtt. 1980. Bicronte-extrctle phosphorus in fresh nd composted diry mnures. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:435-437. Gle, P.M., M.D. Mullen, C. Cieslik, D.D. Tyler, B.N. Dcuk, M. Kirchner, nd J. McClure. 2000. Phosphorus distriution nd vilility in response to diry mnure pplictions. Commun. Sci. Plnt Anl. 31:553-565. Grcey, H.I. 1984. Avilility of phosphorus in orgnic mnures compred with monommonium phosphte. Agric. Wste. 11:133-141. Kfkfi, U., B. Br-Yosef, R. Rosenerg, nd G. Sposito. 1988. Phosphorus dsorption y kolinte nd montmorillonite: II. Orgnic nion competition. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1585-1589. Loski, C.A.M. nd J.A. Lm. 2003. Chnges in soil test phosphorus concentrtion fter ppliction of mnure or fertilizer. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:544-554. Mrshll, S.K. nd C.A.M. Loski. 2003. Differences in phosphorus sorption etween mnure nd fertilizer. In Annul meetings strcts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Mdison, WI. Meek, B.D., L.E. Grhm, T.J. Donovn, nd K.S. Myerry. 1979. Phosphorus vilility in clcreous soil fter high loding rtes of niml mnure. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:741-743. Motvlli, P.P., K.A. Kelling, nd J.C. Converse. 1989. First-yer nutrient vilility from injected diry mnure. J. Environ. Qul. 18:180-185. Ngrjh, S., A.M. Posner, nd J.P. Quirk. 1970. Competitive dsorption of phosphte with polyglcturonte nd other orgnic nions on kolinite nd oxide surfces. Nture. 228:83-85. Peperzk, P., A.G. Cldwell, R.R. Hunziker, nd C.A. Blck. 1959. Phosphorus frctions in mnures. Sci. 87:293-302. Schmitt, M.A., J.E. Swyer, nd R.G. Hoeft. 1992. Incution of injected liquid eef mnure: Effect of time nd mnure rte. Agron. J. 84:224-228. Shrpley, A.N. nd I. Sisk. 1997. Differentil vilility of mnure nd inorgnic sources of phosphorus in soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:1503-1508. Struthers, P.H. nd D.H. Sieling. 1950. Effect of orgnic nions on phosphte precipittion y iron nd luminum s influenced y ph. Sci. 69:205-213. Sutton, A.L., D.W. Nelson, J.D. Hoff, nd V.B. Myrose. 1982. Effects of injection nd surfce pplictions of liquid swine mnure on corn yield nd soil composition. J. Environ. Qul. 11:468-472. Swenson, R.M., C.V. Cole, nd D.H. Sieling. 1949. Fixtion of phosphte y iron nd luminum nd replcement y orgnic nd inorgnic nions. Sci. 67:3-22.
Tle 1. clssifiction, chrcteriztion, nd mnure history. Field Mnure ph Bry Olsen Series Clssifiction OM Snd Silt Cly CEC ID History 1:1 H 2 O P P ---------- g kg -1 ---------- cmol c kg -1 -- mg kg -1 -- MINNESOTA PB1 Port Byron Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hpludolls None 5.2 53 97 634 269 21.5 34 24 PB2 Port Byron Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hpludolls Diry + Swine 6.2 51 86 670 243 22.0 98 67 W1 Wukegn Fine-silty over sndy or sndy skeletl, mixed, mesic Typic Hpludolls None 7.1 43 148 581 271 21.0 26 19 W2 Wukegn Fine-silty over sndy or sndy skeletl, mixed, mesic Typic Hpludolls Swine 6.4 38 110 634 256 20.3 162 126 S1 Snurn Corse-lomy, mixed, frigid Inceptic Hpludlfs None 6.4 31 677 197 126 9.8 35 20 S2 Snurn Corse-lomy, mixed, frigid Inceptic Hpludlfs Beef 6.8 20 753 146 101 7.1 53 25 Vd1 Verndle Corse-lomy, mixed, frigid Typic Argiudolls None 6.3 16 829 96 75 6.2 16 8 Vd2 Verndle Corse-lomy, mixed, frigid Typic Argiudolls Turkey 6.5 18 804 96 101 7.5 67 41 Ni1 Nicollet Fine-lomy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hpludolls None 5.7 56 342 322 335 28.9 32 26 Ni2 Nicollet Fine-lomy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hpludolls Diry + Swine 5.6 56 395 283 322 28.8 64 49 Ni3 Nicollet Fine-lomy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hpludolls Diry + Swine 6.1 63 316 335 348 30.5 152 114 Vs1 Ves Fine-lomy, mixed, mesic Clcic Hpludolls None 6.9 42 257 426 317 25.2 3 3 Vs2 Ves Fine-lomy, mixed, mesic Clcic Hpludolls Beef + Swine 7.3 31 545 230 225 19.1 50 44 B1 Brnes Fine-lomy, mixed, frigid Clcic Hpludolls None 7.9 46 238 454 308 25.4 18 17 B2 Brnes Fine-lomy, mixed, frigid Clcic Hpludolls Diry 7.4 48 439 293 268 21.3 138 97 MICHIGAN Co1 Colwood 1 Fine-lomy, mixed, ctive, mesic Typic Endoquoll None 6.0 5.4 42 36 22 16.4 15 14 Co2 Colwood 2 Fine-lomy, mixed, ctive, mesic Typic Endoquoll None 5.6 6.1 48 40 12 16.9 8 12 Os Oshtemo Course-lomy, mixed, ctive, mesic, Typic Hpludlf None 5.6 2.5 68 23 9 8.3 11 12 Pr Prkhill Fine-lomy, mixed, semi -ctive, noncid, mesic Mollic Endoquepts None 6.8 5.2 32 39 29 20.1 4 7 Sk Spinks Sndy, mixed, mesic Lmellic Hpludlfs None 5.4 4.5 76 19 5 5.4 14 14
Tle 2. Mnure chrcteristics. Mnure Moisture Dry Mtter P T * P I ** N T *** K ---------- % ---------- ------------------------ mg L -1 ------------------------- MINNESOTA Swine 95.1 4.9 1196 -- 5080 2489 MICHIGAN Diry 95.3 4.7 532 421 3271 2228 Swine 94.8 5.2 1257 1105 6542 3810 * P T = Totl P, ** P I = Inorgnic P, *** N T = Totl N Increse in STP per P T Applied 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fertilizer Swine 0.0 PB1 PB2 W1 W2 S1 S2 Vd1 Vd2 Figure 1. Increse in Bry-1 P (STP) per totl P (P T ) pplied over 4-week incution of selected Minnesot soils with fertilizer or swine slurry. For given soil, P sources with different letters re significntly different t the = 0.05 level.
Increse in STP per P T Applied 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fertilizer Swine 0.0 Ni1 Ni2 Ni3 Vs1 Vs2 B1 B2 Figure 2. Increse in Bry-1 P (STP) per totl P (P T ) pplied over 4-week incution of selected Minnesot soils with fertilizer or swine slurry. For given soil, P sources with different letters re significntly different t the = 0.05 level. Increse in STP per P T Applied 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fertilizer Swine Diry c c c 0.0 Co1 Co2 Os Pr Sk Figure 3. Increse in Bry-1 P (STP) per totl P (P T ) pplied over 6-week incution of selected Michign soils with fertilizer, swine, or diry slurries. For given soil, P sources with different letters re significntly different t the = 0.05 level.
Increse in STP per P I Applied 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fertilizer Swine Diry c c 0.0 Co1 Co2 Os Pr Sk Figure 4. Increse in Bry-1 P (STP) per inorgnic P (P I ) pplied over 6-week incution of selected Michign soils with fertilizer, swine, or diry slurries. For given soil, P sources with different letters re significntly different t the = 0.05 level.