Slovak Republic Energy efficiency report Objectives: o 12.6 TWh of end use energy savings by 22 o 691.6 GWh of energy savings in industry by 22 Overview - (%/year) Primary intensity (EU=1)¹ 119 - -1.4% + CO 2 intensity (EU=1) 117 - -1.8% ++ CO 2 emissions per capita (in tco2/cap) 7.3 -.4% ++ Power generation - (%/year) Efficiency of thermal power plants (in %) 34 -.2% + Rate of electricity T&D losses (in %) 7.3 -.3% + CO 2 emissions per kwh generated (in gco2/kwh) 326 + -.% ++ Industry - (%/year) Energy intensity (EU=1) 13 - -2.3% ++ Share of industrial CHP in industrial consumption (in %) 4.8 -- -4.7% + ++ Among the best performing countries + Above the EU average 1 Below the EU average 1 Among the worst performing countries Latest update: April 213 1 The European Union, as the best performing region, is used as the benchmark.
1. Overview 1.1. Policies: 9% of end-use energy savings by 216 The Slovak Republic adopted a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -216 (NEEAP), which sets an energy savings target of at least 9 percent of a reference consumption in 216, ie 1.3 TWh (.9 Mtoe), to be achieved in buildings, transport and small industries (excluding sectors under ETS). Under the Energy Efficiency Act, the country is obliged to provide three-yearly energy efficiency action plans and monitor their outcomes. The second NEEAP, published in mid-, sets an energy savings target of at least 11 percent in 22, ie 12.6 TWh. In April, the Slovak Republic received 1m (US$18.7m) in support from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) to develop the energy efficiency measures included under the second phase of the Slovak Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Finance Facility (SLOVSEFF II). The first SLOVSEFF phase (-), which also had a fund of 1m (US$18.7m), led to savings of 42.8 GWh in industry. Under the initial plans an additional fund was to be financed by the national budget, but so far it has not been implemented. 1.2. Energy consumption trends: growing role of electricity Energy consumption per capita is close to the European Union average (3.4 toe/capita in ). Total energy consumption has been roughly stable at around 18. Mtoe since, with the exception of when it dropped by 9 percent as a result of the economic downturn. It fell strongly between and and increased very slightly between and. In natural gas accounted for 3 percent of the country s energy needs. Nuclear accounted for 22 percent, compared with 1 percent in. The share of coal was scaled down from 42 percent in to 22 percent in. The share of oil remained stable at 19 percent. The use of biomass is increasing and reached percent in. The shares of industry and power generation have decreased slightly since. In they accounted for about 3 percent and 21 percent, respectively, of total energy consumption. Figure 1: Energy consumption trends by sector 2 Other Industry Power generation 2 1 Mtoe 1 Electricity consumption per capita is 2 percent below the EU average (4,6 kwh in ). Total electricity consumption increased more rapidly than energy consumption between and (+1.8 percent/year) and has been decreasing since then, especially in when it fell by 6 percent. Industrial consumption accounts for 47 percent of the total electricity demand. Slovakia Country reports 2
Figure 2: Electricity consumption trends by sector 3 2 Industry Others 2 TWh 1 1 1.3. Energy efficiency trends: gains in industrial energy efficiency Total energy consumption per unit of GDP (total energy intensity), measured at purchasing power parity, is around 4 percent higher than the EU average. Total energy intensity has decreased very rapidly, especially since (-4.2 percent/year between and ), with industry and the power sector contributing to more than 6 percent of the decrease (36 percent and 27 percent, respectively). That trend is much faster than the EU average (1.6 percent/year). Figure 3: Energy intensity trends. 1. %/year 2. 3. 4.. Other sectors : buildings, transport and agriculture Industry Power generation Slovakia Country reports 3
2. Power generation The efficiency of power generation has been decreasing since, reaching 34 percent in. This trend is explained by the reduction of hydroelectricity in the power generation mix. The country s power generation efficiency stands 6 percentage points below the EU average because of the high share of nuclear in the power mix (above percent), and the country s thermal power plant efficiency stands 11 percentage points below the EU average since the sector is dominated by lignite-fired power plants. % 2 1 Figure 4: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants 4 3 3 2 1 Total power generation Thermal power plants GW 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1... Figure : Thermal electricity capacity, by technology Steam Gas turbines Combined cycles The rate of T&D losses in the Slovak grid has decreased since and in stood at just over 3 percent of the distributed volumes, ie 4 percentage points below the EU average. Figure 6: Electric T&D losses % 1 9 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 Slovakia Country reports 4
3. Industry 3.1. Policies: energy audits and CHP promotion The second NEEAP has set the target of 69 GWh savings in industry by 22. Most of this objective (9 percent) is expected to be achieved through energy efficiency audits, which are mandatory for all industrial and agricultural companies. The identified cost-free and low-cost measures must be implemented within one year of the audit. Under the Energy Efficiency Act () electricity producers using combustion engines with a capacity equal to or greater than 1 MW, or gas turbines with a capacity of more than 2 MW, and electricity producers using other thermal processes with a total capacity equal to or greater than 1 MW, are obliged to carry out energy audits, and to consider the possibility of using CHP. Those audits have to be conducted every five years. 3.2. Energy consumption trends: large share of energy-intensive industries Industrial energy consumption has remained roughly stable since, at around 4. Mtoe, except in when it dipped as a consequence of the economic downturn. Figure 7: Trends in industrial energy consumption 8 7 6 Mtoe 4 3 2 1 Lignite is the largest energy source, with a stable 43 percent share in industrial consumption. The use of electricity has slowly developed from 19 percent in to 21 percent in. Biomass has also increased slowly since and in accounted for 9 percent of the sector s consumption. Conversely, the share of natural gas fell from 2 percent in to 22 percent in, while oil products are almost completely phased out (from percent in to around 2 percent in ). Energy-intensive industries (steel, non-metallic minerals, chemicals and paper) play an important role in Slovak industry as they account for more than 7 percent of industrial energy consumption. The steel industry is particularly well developed and accounts for almost half of the sector s consumption (48 percent in ). The share of the paper industry increased sharply, from percent in to 12 percent in. The non-metallic minerals and chemical industries represent 9 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of overall industrial energy consumption. Slovakia Country reports
Figure 8: Energy consumption of industry, by source 1 9 8 7 6 Biomass Heat Electricity Gas 4 Oil 3 2 Coal/Lignite 1 Figure 9: Energy consumption of industry, by branch 1 9 8 7 6 4 Other Paper Non metallic minerals Chemical 3 2 Steel 1 3.3. Energy intensity trends: sharp improvements in industrial energy efficiency Between and the energy consumption per unit of industrial value added decreased at the sharp rate of 8.3 percent/year, with a significant decrease in the energy consumption per unit of value added in the chemical and non-metallic minerals industry (6.6 percent/year and.6 percent/year, respectively). The specific consumption of the steel industry decreased at the much slower pace of 1. percent/year, whereas the energy required per ton of paper increased by 4.4 percent/year. Figure 2: Trends in the energy intensity of industrial branches 6% 4% 2% %/year 2% 4% 6% 8% 1 * Total* Steel Chemical** Cement*** Paper *Including construction and mining; ** ; *** Non metallic minerals, Odyssee Slovakia Country reports 6
The share of industrial combined heat and power generation in the Slovak Republic has decreased since. In it stood at around 17 percent of industrial consumption, ie 2 percentage points above the European average. Figure 3: Share of industrial CHP in industrial consumption 3 2% 2 1% 1 % The intensity of the manufacturing industry (ie excluding construction and mining) dropped by 8.7 percent/year between and. That trend is mainly explained by energy efficiency improvements and partly by changes in the structure of industrial value added over the period. The intensity at constant structure, ie the intensity after the removal of the effects of changes in the structure of the value added of manufacturing, decreased by 6.3 percent/year, which means that energy efficiency improvements explain about 7 percent of the total energy intensity reduction seen in manufacturing; the difference (2.4 percent/year or around 3 percent of the total reduction) reflects the growing share of energy-intensive industries (mainly steel and paper). Figure 4: Trends in the energy intensity of manufacturing and structural effect %/year 1% 2% 3% 4% % 6% 7% 8% 9% 1 Real variation Change at constant structure Structural effect, Odyssee Slovakia Country reports 7