Green Transportation in Bahrain: A Luxury or A Need? Maha Alsabbagh

Green Transportation in Bahrain: A Luxury or A Need? Maha Alsabbagh

Green transport Concept Available options Examples of good practices The case of Bahrain: Current practices Implications SWOT The way forward Contents

Green transport Renewable energies Green buildings Water services 7 main sectors of Green Economy Sustainable agriculture & forests Clean technologies Waste management

Green Transport Transportation is necessary for economic and industrial development Green transport reduce GHG emissions / environmental risks Reduces poverty Supports economic growth (e.g. through reducing traffic congestion)

Passenger vehicles GHG emissions Our Focus

Available Options Avoid-Shift-Improve matrix The World Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS) Strategies, instruments to implement these strategies Universal alternatives suitable for any case remain unavailable

Source: Nakamura, K. and Y. Hayashi (no date). Strategies and instruments for low-carbon urban transport: An international review on trends and effects. Transport Policy, Available online 18 August 2012. Technological Avoid Shift Improve Transit-oriented development Pedestrian-oriented development Bicycle-oriented development Public transport Low-emission vehicles Vehicle technologies Alternative fuels Regulatory Vehicle access restriction Parking regulation Land use control Bus / tram priorities Control on driving and parking Emissions / fuel economy standards Speed control Informational Telecommunication Lifestyle changes Intelligent Transport System for public transport operation Awareness campaigns Non-motorized transport Eco-driving Vehicle maintenance Vehicle performance labeling Car sharing Economic Subsidies and taxation policies Fuel tax Road pricing / congestion and parking charges Fuel / carbon tax Feebate scheme

Teleconferencing UK Examples CO 2 emission reduced by 97 628 tones in 2006 Other benefits: reduced costs, reduced transport-related emissions and increased productivity SOURCE: [EEA] EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2008. Success stories within the road transport sector on reducing greenhouse gas emission and producing ancillary benefits

SOURCE: [EEA] EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2008. Success stories within the road transport sector on reducing greenhouse gas emission and producing ancillary benefits Examples Eco-driving Netherlands Total avoided emission of CO 2 in 2004 97 000 to 222 000 tones Other benefits: economic gains (reduced fuel costs, maintenance costs); increased road safety; and reduced local emissions and noise

SOURCE: [EEA] EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. 2008. Success stories within the road transport sector on reducing greenhouse gas emission and producing ancillary benefits Examples Speed control Rotterdam The speed limit was reduced from 120 kph to 80 kph CO 2 emission reduced by 15 % Reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NO X ), particles measuring 10μm or less (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO), decrease in accidents (60 %), and decreases in noise from traffic (50 %)

Source: Han, S. 2010. Managing motorization in sustainable transport planning: the Singapore experience. Journal of Transport Geography. 18, pp. 314-321. Examples Singapore Highways and road network construction Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Light Rapid Transit (LRT), buses Policies on car ownership Vehicle quota system: Certificate of Entitlement (COE) Road pricing (electronic) to reduce congestion

Examples Dubai The Dubai Award for Sustainable Transportation Established in 2008 Targets: Governmental and semi-governmental organizations Private sector Non-profit sector

Salik Dubai Metro Public buses CO 2 calculator

Bahrain Current practices: Passenger vehicles Public transport s share Infrastructure Implications on the: Environment, e.g. GHG emissions Society / Economy, e.g. accidents, congestion, on-street parking

Source: Land Transport Authority Singapore 2011. Journeys. Passenger Transport Mode Shares in Selected Cities 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Paris Madrid Barcelona Berlin Rome Bahrain Public transport share Private transport Others

Thousands vehicle 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 Total vehicles in Bahrain between 2000 and 2010 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: General Directorate of Traffic 2011. Traffic Accidents Facts in Kingdom of Bahrain.

Source: The Bahrain Petroleum Company 2010. Gasoline and diesel local consumption from 2000 to 2010. Unpublished data. Millions TJ 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 Gasoline consumption in Bahrain between 2000 and 2010 (TJ) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: PMEW 2012. Bahrain s Second National Communication, and PMEW 2005. Bahrain s Initial Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Volume 1: Main Summary Report. 3000 Carbon emissions from transport sector in Bahrain between 2000 and 2010 (Gg) 2500 Gg CO2 2000 1500 1000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Average distance travelled per passenger vehicle in Bahrain compared to selected countries (km/year) 19836 24239 8830 13743 14078 14134 Japan Australia UK New Zealand Bahrain USA Source: International Road Federation. IRF World Road Statistics 2011. Switzerland, and Source: General Directorate of Traffic 2008. Traffic Accidents Facts in Kingdom of Bahrain.

Fatalities per 100,000 population 9.6 11.01 3.59 3.67 3.85 4.36 4.52 5.07 UK Singapore Sweden Netherlands Japan Germany Bahrain USA Source: International Road Federation. IRF World Road Statistics 2011. Switzerland.

SWOT Analysis Framework Relatively small area High population density Imported vehicles Multiple goals Various options Lots of examples Strengths Opportunities Information gaps Lack of legislations / standards / targets Weaknesses Fuel price Consumption patterns Available budget Threats

Source: UNEP 2011. Towards A Green Economy The way forward Planning, information Design regulations and adopt targets and indicators Annual fossil fuel consumption per person for private transport Annual transport fossil fuel consumption by mode, GHG emissions Vehicle fleet size, average fuel efficiency and total vehicle-km traveled by mode Financial conditions & economic incentives Capacity building, training, awareness

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