BECx Construction Phase Safety

BECx Construction Phase Safety What is the Number One Priority in Construction? Building Enclosure Commissioning: Train the Trainer Iowa State University, Ames Iowa May 10 12, 2016 Presented by William R. Nash How Many Things are not Correct Here? What is the most important issue in construction? Before OSHA was created 43 years ago, an estimated 14,000 workers were killed on the job every year. Today, workplaces are much safer and healthier, going from 38 fatal injuries a day to 12. But there is still much work to be done. Construction Fatalities Data series 2011 2012 2013 2014 Fatalities Number of fatalities 781 849 856 (P) 908 10,000 serious worker injuries reported in 1st year of OSHA rule by Brianna Crandall March 23, 2016 In the first year of a new reporting requirement, employers notified the U.S. Department of Labor s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of more than 10,000 severe workrelated injuries, creating the opportunity for the agency to work with employers to eliminate hazards and protect other workers. Since January 1, 2015, employers have been required to report any severe workrelated injury defined as a hospitalization, amputation or loss of an eye within 24 hours. The requirement that an employer report a workplace fatality within eight hours remains in force. In the first full year of the program, employers reported 10,388 severe worker injuries, including 7,636 hospitalizations and 2,644 amputations. In a majority of those cases, OSHA responded by working with the employer to identify and eliminate hazards, rather than conducting a worksite inspection. 1

Part 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction Subpart A General Subpart B General Interpretations Subpart C General Safety and Health Provisions Subpart D Occupational Health and Environmental Controls Subpart E Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Subpart F Fire Protection and Prevention. Subpart G Signs, Signals, and Barricades Subpart H Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Subpart I Tools Hand and Power Subpart J Welding and Cutting Subpart K Electrical Subpart L Scaffolds Subpart M Fall Protection Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors Subpart O Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations Subpart P Excavations Subpart Q Concrete and Masonry Construction Subpart R Steel Erection Subpart S Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air Subpart T Demolition Subpart U Blasting and Use of Explosives Subpart V Power Transmission and Distribution Subpart W Rollover Protective Structures; Overhead Protection Subpart X Stairways and Ladders Subpart Y Commercial Diving Operations Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances Subpart AA BB [RESERVED] Subpart CC Cranes and Derricks in Construction Construction Training Requirements 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart C General Safety and Health Provisions General Safety and Health Provisions Safety Training and Education Employee Emergency Action Plans Subpart D Occupational Health and Environmental Controls Medical Services and First Aid Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists Hazard Communication Methylenedianiline Lead in Construction Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Subpart E Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Hearing Protection Respiratory Protection Subpart F Fire Protection and Prevention Fire Protection Subpart G Signs, Signals, and Barricades Signaling Subpart I Tools Hand and Power Powder Operated Hand Tools Woodworking Tools Subpart J Welding and Cutting Gas Welding and Cutting Arc Welding and Cutting Fire Prevention Welding, Cutting, and Heating In Way of Preservative Coatings Subpart K Electrical Ground Fault Protection Subpart L Scaffolding Scaffolding Training Requirements Subpart M Fall Protection Fall Protection Training Requirements Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors Cranes and Derricks Material Hoists, Personnel Hoists, and Elevators Subpart O Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations Material Handling Equipment Site Clearing Subpart P Excavations General Protection Requirements Subpart Q Concrete and Masonry Construction Concrete and Masonry Construction Subpart R Steel Erection Bolting, Riveting, Fitting up, and Plumbing up Subpart S Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air Underground Construction Compressed Air Subpart T Demolition Preparatory Operations Chutes Mechanical Demolition Subpart U Blasting and Use of Explosives General Provisions Blaster Qualifications Surface Transportation of Explosives Firing the Blast Subpart V Power Transmission and Distribution General Requirements Overhead Lines Underground Lines Construction in Energized Substations Subpart X Stairways and Ladders Ladders Training Requirements Subpart Y Diving Commercial Diving Operations Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances Asbestos 13 Carcinogens Vinyl Chloride Inorganic Arsenic Cadmium Benzene Coke Oven Emissions 1,2 Dibromo 3 Chloropropane Acrylonitrile Ethylene Oxide Formaldehyde Methylene Chloride Scaffold Safety Suspended Scaffold Safety BECxAccess Safety Training General Safety Awareness Hazard Communication Personal Protection Equipment Fall Protection Scaffolds Respiratory Protection Excavation Trenching and Shoring Lock Out Tag Out Hand & Power Tool Safety Ladder Safety Job Hazard Analysis Slips, Trips, and Falls Back Safety 29 CFR 1926 http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=standards&p_toc_l evel=1&p_keyvalue=1926 2

The Importance of Scaffolding Safety The National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries reports that an average of 88 fatalities a year occur from working on scaffolding. 72% of scaffolding injuries are a direct result of supports collapsing, workers slipping, or being struck by a falling object. On January 19 th, 2008 an entire block of scaffolding was overturned by high winds. Fortunately, only one person was injured. Scaffolding Training Requirements All employees who perform work on scaffolding must be trained by a person qualified in the subject matter. The training must include: 1. The requirements of the OSHA Scaffolding subpart. 2. Electrical hazards, fall hazards, and falling object hazards in the area. 3. The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling fall protection and fall object protection systems. 4. Proper use of the scaffold, and proper handling of materials on the scaffold. 5. Maximum loads and load carrying capacities of the scaffold. Scaffolding Training Requirements All employees who erect, disassemble, move, operate, repair, inspect or maintain scaffolding must by a competent person. The training must include: 1. The requirements of the OSHA Scaffolding subpart. 2. The nature of scaffold hazards. 3. The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, inspecting and maintain scaffolding. 4. Design criteria, maximum load capacity, and intended use of the scaffold. Scaffolding Certification Employees need to be trained on the specific hazards and requirements of the scaffolding in their work area. After completing this training, they should complete a certification specific to their work area. Scaffolding Design Scaffolding systems must be designed by a qualified person and constructed in accordance with that design. A qualified person is one who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. 3

Scaffold Platform Construction When scaffold planks are abutted to make longer platforms, each end must rest on a separate support surface. Overlapping platforms must occur over supports, and must overlap for at least 12 inches, unless the platforms are nailed together. Platforms that rest on a support at an angle other than a right angle must be laid first. Platforms that rest a right angle on the support must be laid second. Note that the connecting platform is not laid first, as required when it does not form a right angle. (It should be on the bottom) This scaffolding also has dangerous guardrails, with no mid rail and a top rail of wire. Platform Working Faces The front edge of all platforms must be no more than 14 inches from the face of the work. Faces may be greater than 14 inched if a guardrail is erected along the face side and personal fall arrest systems are used. Outrigger scaffolds must be within 3 inches of the working face. Plastering and lathing operations must be within 18 inches of the working face. This platform is greater than 14 inches from the working face. Supported Scaffolds Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than 4:1 must be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, or bracing. Suspended Scaffolding All suspension scaffold support devices must be able to support at least: First fastening device should be attached at the closed horizontal member to the 4:1 height. Every 20 feet after for scaffolds less than 3 feet wide, 26 feet for ones wider than 3 feet. The top must be secured no greater than the 4:1 height from the top. 4 times the weight of the scaffold operating at the rated load of the hoist. 1.5 times the load of the scaffold at the stall capacity of the hoist. Whichever is greater. Outrigger beams must be made of metal or an equivalent, and be restrained to prevent movement. Securing Suspension Scaffolding Before use, the scaffolding support and connections must be evaluated by a competent person who can confirm the surfaces are capable of bearing the load. Outrigger beams should be stabilized by bolts or direct connections. Suspension Scaffold Support Devices All support devices such as roof hooks and clamps must be: Steel, wrought iron, or equivalent material. Supported by bearing blocks. Secured from moving by tiebacks installed at right angles and attached to a sound anchorage. Tiebacks be equivalent in strength to hoisting ropes. Repaired wire rope may not be used as suspension rope. The should be stabilized by solid counterweights. Sand and gravel is not acceptable. Counter weights must be designed for the purpose. Outriggers not stabilized by direct connections should be secured with tiebacks. Outriggers should be perpendicular to the bearing support. Remember that vents, piping, and electrical conduits are not proper anchorage points. 4

Accessing Scaffolding Systems When scaffolds are greater than 2 feet above a point of access, ladders, stairways, ramps or similar means must be used. Hook on or attachable ladders must not tip the scaffold. Working on Scaffolds Never work on scaffolding that is covered with ice, snow or other slippery materials. Employees may not work on scaffolding during high winds or storms unless: The bottom rung of ladders or first step of stairs may be no more than 2 feet above the scaffold supporting level. Rest platforms required at 35 foot intervals. Slip resistant tread required on all steps and landings. Never access scaffolding by climbing on cross beams. A competent person determines it is safe. Employees are protected by wind screens or fall arrest systems. Debris should not be allowed to accumulate on platforms. Scaffolding should be kept clear of clutter. This scaffolding is full of trip hazards. Pole Scaffolding A pole scaffold is a scaffold that is entirely made of wood. When platforms are moved to the next level, the existing platform must remain undisturbed until the new bearers have been set and braced. Pole scaffolds over 60 feet must be designed by a professional engineer. Diagonal bracing (The X shaped supports) is required on both sides of double pole scaffolding and on the outside of single pole scaffolding. Tube and Coupler Scaffolds These are supported or suspended scaffold consisting of a platform(s) supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners. When platforms are moved to the next level, the existing platform must remain undisturbed until the new bearers have been set and braced. Couplers must be made of a structural metal. Grey cast iron is prohibited. Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet must be designed by a Professional Engineer. Transverse bracing forming an X across the width of the scaffold must be installed at the scaffold end of every 3 rd set of posts. Fabricated Frame Scaffolds These are scaffolds supported on fabricated end frames. When platforms are moved to the next level, the existing platform must remain undisturbed until the new bearers have been set and braced. Fabricated frame scaffolds over 125 feet must be designed by a Professional Engineer. Fabricated frame scaffolds should only be used to support workers, unless specifically designed to bear loads and prevent tipping. Single Point Adjustable Scaffolding Single point adjustable scaffolding is one that is suspended from a single rope and has adjustable height. The support rope must be vertical unless the rigging is designed by a qualified person and meets the requirements of 1926.452(o). The maximum intended load for single point adjustable scaffolding is 250 lbs. Window washers commonly use this type of scaffolding. 5

Two Point Adjustable Scaffolding Also known as swing stage scaffolds, these scaffolds are suspended from two ropes. Workers on these scaffolds must be protected by both guardrails and personal fall arrest systems. Platforms on this type should not be wider than 36 inches. Mobile Scaffolding Mobile scaffolds must be plumb, level, and squared. Must be braced with cross, horizontal and diagonal braces to support vertical members and prevent collapse. To prevent moving, wheels must be locked. Platforms may not extend beyond the base supports. Moving Mobile Scaffolding Must be stabilized to prevent tipping during movement. Summary Scaffolding systems must be designed by a qualified person. Power systems used to move scaffolding must be designed for that purpose. Employees may not ride on scaffolds while moved unless they are made aware of the move and the scaffold meets the requirements of 1926.452(w)(6). When moving, the force used to move should be applied as close to the base as possible. Scaffolding must be able to support its weight and four times the max load. Stall load on hoists for adjustable scaffolding must not exceed 3 times the rated load. Employees working on scaffolding above 10 feet require fall protection. Portable electric equipment must have GFCIs. Scaffolding Capacity Non Adjustable Scaffolding 1. Must be capable of supporting its weight and at least 4 times the max load. 2. Suspension ropes and connecting hardware must support its weight and at least six times the max load. Scaffold Platform Construction The space between adjacent platform units must be less than 1 inch. The space between the platform and the uprights may not exceed 9.5 inches. Adjustable Scaffolding 1. Stall load on hoist must not exceed 3 times the rated load. 2. Suspension ropes and connecting hardware must support its weight and at least six times the max load. The result of an overloading scaffolding. Do you know the rating of the scaffolding you are working on? Platforms and walkways must be at least 18 inches wide. If this is not possible, must be protected by guardrails and a fall arrest system. An example of bad planking. Look at all the space between platform planking. 6

Scaffold Platform Construction When scaffold planks are abutted to make longer platforms, each end must rest on a separate support surface. Suspension Scaffold Support Devices All support devices such as roof hooks and clamps must be: Steel, wrought iron, or equivalent material. Supported by bearing blocks. Overlapping platforms must occur over supports, and must overlap for at least 12 inches, unless the platforms are nailed together. Platforms that rest on a support at an angle other than a right angle must be laid first. Platforms that rest a right angle on the support must be laid second. Note that the connecting platform is not laid first, as required when it does not form a right angle. (It should be on the bottom) This scaffolding also has dangerous guardrails, with no mid rail and a top rail of wire. Secured from moving by tiebacks installed at right angles and attached to a sound anchorage. Tiebacks be equivalent in strength to hoisting ropes. Repaired wire rope may not be used as suspension rope. Remember that vents, piping, and electrical conduits are not proper anchorage points. Pole Scaffolding A pole scaffold is a scaffold that is entirely made of wood. When platforms are moved to the next level, the existing platform must remain undisturbed until the new bearers have been set and braced. Pole scaffolds over 60 feet must be designed by a professional engineer. Diagonal bracing (The X shaped supports) is required on both sides of double pole scaffolding and on the outside of single pole scaffolding. Competent Person Inspect scaffolding and components prior to each work shift Determine feasibility of providing fall protection and access Evaluate connections to support load and prevent swaying Determine structural soundness when intermixing components manufacturer Train erectors and dismantlers to recognize work hazards Counterweights made of non flowable material, sand, gravel, etc. Counterweights secured, and not removed until scaffold disassembled Tiebacks secured to sound anchorage on the building or structure Single tiebacks installed at angle prohibited Minimum lengths for suspension ropes on hoists No repaired wire rope Proper sized eye splice thimbles Ropes inspected by competent person No swaged attachment unless approved 7

No gasoline powered equipment or hoist Automatic brakes on powered and manual hoists Positive crank force to descend Tied to prevent swaying Safety devices not used as platforms 1926.451(e) Access Must have safe access Cross braces prohibited as means of access Bottom rung no more than 24 high Rest platforms required at 35 intervals Slip resistant treads on all steps and landings September 2, 1997, sets access for erectors and dismantlers Can use end frames for access 1926.451(e) Access Hook on attachable ladders Specifically designed for type of scaffold Lowest rung no more than 24 inches above level on which scaffold is supported Rest platforms at 35 foot intervals when more than 35 feet high Maximum rung length 11 ½ inches, and a maximum space between rungs 16 ¾ inches Counterweights made of non flowable material, sand, gravel, etc. Counterweights secured, and not removed until scaffold disassembled Tiebacks secured to sound anchorage on the building or structure Single tiebacks installed at angle prohibited Minimum lengths for suspension ropes on hoists No repaired wire rope Proper sized eye splice thimbles Ropes inspected by competent person No swaged attachment unless approved No gasoline powered equipment or hoist Automatic brakes on powered and manual hoists Positive crank force to descend Tied to prevent swaying Safety devices not used as platforms 8

Mobile Not allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following exist Surface on which scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes and obstructions Height to base width ratio during movement is 2:1 or less Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold When power systems are used, the propelling force is: Applied directly to the wheels Does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second No employee is on any part of the scaffold that extends beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports 1926.453 Aerial lifts Must meet ANSI criteria Secured to lower traveling position by a locking device before moving Ensure proper fall protection prior to using Includes use of guardrails Lifts must allow you to access heights and work from a protected area Summary Scaffolding systems must be designed by a qualified person. Scaffolding must be able to support its weight and four times the max load. Stall load on hoists for adjustable scaffolding must not exceed 3 times the rated load. Employees working on scaffolding above 10 feet require fall protection. Portable electric equipment must have GFCIs. 9