RES in Latvia: policy and strategy Prof. Dr.habil.sc.ing Peteris Shipkovs Energy Resources Laboratory Institute of Physical Energetics E-mail: shipkovs@edi.lv http:/www.lza.lv/scientists/shipkovs.htm Workshop on Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies, Presentation content: RES in Latvia: Biomass; Hydroenergy; Wind energy; Solar energy; Household waste; Geothermal energy; Cogeneration; Electricity production; RES potential in Latvia; Energy Policy and Strategy.
Dynamic of share of renewables (RES) and structure of primary energy resources 250 40.00% 200 35.00% Biogas Wind energy PJ 150 100 30.42% 29.20% 29.60% 31.20% 30.90% 30.00% 29.10% Peat Fuel wood Hydroenergy Electricity import 50 25.00% Coal Oil products Natural gas 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20.00% RES share Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Energy Balance 2001-2006 Structure of RES in Latvia, 2006 82.7% 0.6% 0.9% 16.4% 0.3% Large hydro Fuel wood Wind Biogas
Biomass Fuelwood (1) Latvia is one of the wooded states in Europe approximately 1,23 ha forest per one inhabitant, what is 4,5 times more than middling in Europe. The total accumulation of woods of the Latvia forests is 578 mil. m³ (in 2005 year). Fuelwood (2) Wood fuel in Latvia was used from immemorial time for energy needs. In the middle of 20 th century local energy resources, mainly wood and peat was the main energy source. Later on fossil fuel coal, oil, and natural gas were increasingly used. Thus the importance of wood fuel and other indigenous energy resources reduced. The situation has changed essentially after the restoration of independence of Latvia. The sharply increasing prices of energy resources and rising concern regarding global climate change and environment protection problems stimulated change of energy policy toward local and renewable energy sources. As a result, wood fuel was started to use not only in the households but in district heating sector as well. The average wood volume is 174 m³/ha. The wood average yearly growth is 16,5 mil. m³. A large part from this growth is bushes and not valuable wood, which does not utilized for the present.
Fuelwood (3) Fuelwood potential Fuelwood Fuelwood (round) Forest exploitation residuals Fuelwood from bushes Stumps Wood-processing residuals The second wood from the garbage dumps Total Potential, mln.m³ /year 1,8 2,4 1,8 2,7 0,3 0,75 0,1 0,4 1,6 4,5 ~ 0,3 6,2 11,35 Potential, PJ 12-16 12-18 2-5 0,7-3 14-37 -2 44,5 82,5 Fuelwood (4) Fuelwood is the most important local fuel in Latvia. The share of fuelwood in Latvian balance of primary energy resources in the 2006 year was 24 % of the total energy resources consumption. From the middle of 90th years fuelwood is exported to various European states and fuelwood export volumes have an increasing tendency.
Fuelwood (5) Fuelwood export and utilization for energy, PJ 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Fuelwood export 3,86 5,1 9,87 14,41 11,8 8,5 9,8 13,1 16,2 15,7 16,1 16,9 Total consumption 42,1 44,0 44,1 43,5 42,7 39,7 44,0 43,7 47,0 49,4 49,4 49,7 Transformation sector 5,2 6,0 7,6 6,7 5,9 5,1 5,6 6,2 7,8 8,0 7,1 7,4 Losses and Energy sector 0 0 0,03 0,03 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 Final consumption 36,9 38,0 36,5 36,8 36,8 34,5 38,3 37,3 39,1 41,3 42,2 42,2 Biogas (1) Total installed capacity of Electricity production plants, that burn biogas, now is 7,5 MW. It is possible to obtain approximately 290 mln.m3/year of biogas, that is approximately 5 PJ. Evaluating the technical and organizational possibilities, the total annual biogas potential can be obtained as much as 121 mln. m³, which can produce about 2 PJ of energy.
Straw (1) Straw obtained from agricultural activities in Latvia has not been considered a significant source of potential fuel. The total annual amount of excess straw in Latvia is 150-570 thousand tons and has a distinctly regional character; the greatest amount of excess straw is produced in Zemgale region. The forecast for the year 2010 is 280 thousands tons or 3.0 PJ. The total energy value of the above mentioned amount of straw is 2.2 8.2 PJ. Straw (2) The major part of straw is used in agriculture production as bedding in livestock housing systems etc. The Project Straw Heat Plant in Latvia was started up in 1997 in Saulaine in Agriculture College. This heat plant was designed as a boiler plant for burning whole bales of straw. Total installed capacity is 1.2 MW. Yearly straw consumption is 1350 t.
Biofuel There are 3 biodiesel productions companies now, with capacity about 10,000 t/year and 1 bioethanol production company with capacity 9,600 t/year. The program Biofuel Production and Use in Latvia for 2003-2010 is a framework document for forecasting of biofuel use and the related production and trade issues. Biofuel share of 5.75% of total energy consumption in 2010 will require the consumption of 75,000 tons of biofuel 32,000 thousand tons of bioethanol and 43 thousand tons of biodiesel. Hydroenergy (1) The main water-power source is Daugava River in Latvia that already used in a large scale for electricity production with the cascade of Daugava Hydro Power Plants (HPP) - Keguma HPP, Plavinu HPP and Riga HPP) Total capacity 1534 MW. The 149 small hydropower stations also produce electricity in Latvia (26,2MW). Use of small hydropower plants and mills in Latvia is a tradition with a long story. Since beginning of the nineties intensive reconstruction of small HPPs and mills has been started.
Hydroenergy (2) The estimated potential of electricity produced by small HPPs is 150-300 GWh annually. The practically utilized potential is considerable less, because certain limitations and landscape protective requirements stipulate waterpower utilizing. Modernizations can accordingly increase output of the existing small HPP. Electricity production could be increased for 10-20%, taking in account the financial and technical possibilities to use new technologies of existing HPP. The total hydroenergy potential can be obtained as ~ 100 MW. Wind energy Wind generators with the total capacity 26,9 MW are installed now in Latvia which produced 46 GWh (2006). Wind cadastre was elaborated in Latvia. The strongest wind zones are at the Baltic Sea and in eastern part of Riga Bay with various wind speed intervals from 3,5 m/s up to more than 5,0 m/s. The average annual theoretical energy potential is 250-1250 mln kwh. Offshore wind generators installations also are possible in Latvia. However equipment and installation costs for such technological decision are much higher.
Solar energy There is a low intensity correlation of solar radiation in Latvia. The total solar energy potential is 1109 kwh/m² year. A solar heat energy utiliztion period is from the April last ten-day period, when solar radiation intensity is 120 kwh/m², till September first ten-day period. In this period (approximately 1800 hours) it is possible to utilize profitably solar energy. Household waste Increasing amount of the household waste can give an important input in structure of total primary resources. Household wastes as an energy resource could be utilized for burning and for biogas obtaining. This utilization is linked with a process of household waste logistic improvement and modernization of burning technologies that provides environment protective standards. Estimated potential of utilization is approximately 4,5 PJ.
Geothermal energy The main potential of the geothermal water placed in the Latvia south-west part and the temperature of underground water in the depth of 1300 1800 m is 30-45 C. Thermal water of such temperature is classified as low potential water, nevertheless it is possible to use such water as a source of heating and balneological purposes and the prospective territory is a 12000 km² large. Cogeneration (1) Consumption of primary energy resources in boiler houses and cogeneration plants for heat production, 2006. Natural gas Heavy fuel oil Diesel Fuel wood Peat Coal Other oil products Total PJ 40,2 1,2 0,0 6,9 0,1 0,2 0,1 48,7 % 82,5 2,5 0,0 14,2 0,2 0,4 0,2 100
Cogeneration (2) Latvia heat supply system is based on municipal heat utilities. Heat energy which is produced in cogeneration cycle is up to 50% from the total heat energy production in the district heating or 15% from the total heat energy which produced in Latvia. Heat energy for district heating is produced in Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) (Riga CHP1 377 MW and Riga CHP2-1237 MW these plants produced 33% of the total district heat production) in a certain number of cogeneration plants, district boiler houses and boiler houses of industries. Out of Riga cogeneration cycle capacity is insignificant. Cogeneration (3) The cogeneration potential of the district heating system is approximately 550 MWth, which divided as follow: cogeneration potential in Riga 50 MWth; Latvian biggest cities 250 MWth (Daugavpils 100 MWth, Liepaja 80 MWth, Ventspils 40 MWth, Rezekne 30 MWth); Other cities (with an at least 4000 amount of populations).
Electricity production (1) Electricity supply in Latvia¹ (billion kwh) Components of electricity supply Total electricity supply Electricity generation - total of which: HPP² CHP³ other CHP small HPP wind generators Import of electricity 2006 7.399 4.891 3.072 1.399 0.312 0.062 0.046 2.508 / 34% ¹Source: state JSC Latvenergo, Ministry of Economics, CSB ² Daugava cascade and Aivekste HPP (HPP of state JSC Latvenergo ³ CHP of state JSC Latvenergo Electricity production (2) Electricity production from RES in Latvia (2005) HPP Small HPP Biomass cogeneration stations (fuel wood) WPP Biogas cogeneration stations Number of plants 3 149 3 41 3 Installed capacity, MW 1534 26,2 2,0 26,9 7,8 Electricity produced, GWh 4544,8 58,2 4,0 45,5 42,5 Source: Ministry of Economy
Total Electricity production (3) Share of Electricity Producers which Produce Electricity from Renewable Energy Resources in Latvian Electricity Market (Directive 2001/77/EC) Renewable Energy resources and type of Power Station Hydro Power Station with installed capacity over 5 MW Hydro Power Station with installed capacity under 5 MW Wind Power Station Biogas Power Station Biomass Power Station and Biomass and Fossil Fuel Power Station Source: Ministry of Economy 2007 41,28 % 1,04 % 1,48 % 0,38 % 0,44 % 44,62 % 2008 39,32 % 1,06 % 2,78 % 1,07 % 1,95 % 46,18 % 2009 37,35 % 1,08 % 4,08 % 1,77 % 3,46 % 47,74 % 35,39 % 49,30 % 2010 1,10 % 5,37 % 2,46 % 4,97 % RES potential in Latvia Renewable Energy resources Fuelwood: fuelwood (round) forest exploitation residuals fuelwood from bushes stumps wood-processing residuals Straw Hydroenergy Biogas Wind energy Biofuel: biodiesel bioethanol Potential 44,5 82,5 PJ 12-16 PJ 12-18 PJ 2-5 PJ 0,7-3 PJ 14-37 PJ 2,2 8,2 PJ ~ 100 MW 2 PJ 0,8 4,5 PJ 43 000 t 32 000 t
RES Policy The main RES policy goals are: - Electricity produced from RES should be 49.3% from the production till year 2010; - RES share in the Energy Balance should be 37%; - Share of biodiesel in the transport fuel will be 5,75% till year 2010. Energy Policy Energy law (1997 and later changes) Electricity market law support for CHP and use of RES Target - RES-E = 49.3% in 2010 implementation of Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market
Energy Policy Bio fuel Law Mandatory target - 5.75% of total fuel consumption must be bio fuel in 2010 Law On Natural Resources Tax Law On Excise Duties (Harmonized Energy tax encouraging for CHP, RES, energy efficiency) Regulations CHP, RES-E, Reserves of oil products, On energy efficiency requirements for equipment, On limitation of sulphur in fuels Energy Policy and Strategy Strategy of Energy sector development 2007-2016 Strategy of Renewable energy resources use 2006-2013 (31.10.2006). Law On Energy Performance of Buildings implementation of Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations on Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 24.07.2007.
Priorities of the Energy Policy The main priorities of the policy-planning document Strategy of Energy sector development 2007-2016 are to ensure security of supply in the country; to increase self sufficiency and facilitate diversity of supplies as well as reducing dependency of external suppliers of primary energy resources; to implement energy efficiency activities in the consuming sector; to increase effective use of renewable sources for energy and energy production in cogeneration (CHP) processes; Energy Policy The main objectives of the Energy Policy: The objective of the Latvian Governmental Policy is to reach a balance between electricity demand and supply potential from local Power Plants by years 2011 2012. to further develop and implement support schemes for highly efficient cogeneration and use of renewable energy resources in the power generation; to improve facilitation activities for bio-fuel production and consumption; to implement energy efficiency measures; to actively participate in EU and other international R&D projects.
Energy Policy Harmonization of normative acts with EU directives The key fields in harmonization of legal acts with EU legislation are oil and oil product reserves, security of supply, energy efficiency, and continued introduction of market principles in the energy sector; - electricity sector: on July 2007, the Cabinet of Ministers adopted Regulations on Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that ensures a mandatory procurement of power generated from RES (wind, small hydro, biomass, biogas) with fixed purchase price (a feed-in tariff system). Investments in the energy sector State support in the energy sector is only given to Projects linked to adjustment of heat supply system. The priorities for the use of EU Structural Funds are listed in the Development Plan, these priorities are subdivided into measures, which in turn are sub-divided into activities. It is planned to allocate approximately EUR 140 million in the energy sector from the Cohesion Fund in the next Structural Funds utilization period of 2007-2013. This amount will be distributed to measures for increase of efficiency of district heating systems, for development of cogeneration plants that use biomass and development of wind farms in Latvia.
Financial sources for development of RES use (2006-2013) 200 183.54 Investments, mln Euro 150 100 50 0 83.83 92.89 1.28 State and municipal budget Eiropean funds Bilaterial Latvian- Norvegian agreement Private financing Source: Basic statement for RES in 2006-2013. Conclusions Latvia has a clear RES Policy framework for reaching the national targets. Additionaly some Regulations were approved for the mobilisation of activities on sustainable RES USE IN LATVIA.