Ch. 12 - Molecular Biology of the Gene AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE 1. In the middle of the unraveling the mysteries of DNA, researchers knew that genetic material must be able to. It must be stable so it with high accuracy and able to called mutations that provide genetic variability required for evolution to occur. (p. 215) 2. Summarize the events of the Griffith transformation experiment. (figure 12.1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. What important conclusion was made from the transformed bacteria in the final test? (p. 215)
4. 1944, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty concluded what about the Streptococcus bacteria in the Griffen experiment? (p. 216) (summarize) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What three components do all nucleotides contain? (p. 217) 6. What are the four nucleotides found in DNA? (p. 217) which binds with ; which binds with 7. Describe Chargaff s rules: (p. 217) 1. 2.
8. Deoxyribose (the DNA sugar) is a ring-shaped molecule with an oxygen atom and carbons. DNA has directionality because the phosphate is located on the end of the sugar whereas the hydroxyl (OH) is located on the end of the sugar. (figure below and figure 12.3) 9. The Watson and Crick Model of DNA suggest that the two strands of the double helix are which means the sugar-phosphate groups chained together are oriented in opposite directions. We call these the 5 end and the 3 end in reference to the location of the phosphate and hydroxyl groups (p. 218) 10. Look at this figure on the right. Notice how adenine (A) and guanine (G) have two rings. These are known as the purines bases. Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) have one ring. These are called pyrimidine bases. What type of bonds connect these bases together and which base pair (C=G or A=T) is stronger?
11. Describe the term semiconservative replication. (p. 220) 12. Summarize the overall steps of DNA replication. (p. 220) 1. 2. 3. 13. What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication? 14. DNA replication is quite a process! This will take a lot of practice to capture all the intricacies. Let s summarize the seven steps on p. 221. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 15. What are two differences between RNA and DNA? (p. 223) 16. Define the three main types of RNA. (p. 223) (NOTE: we ll learn more of these in this chapter) a. messenger RNA (mrna) - b. transfer RNA (trna) - c. ribosomal RNA (rrna) -
17. Before you read on, don t lose sight of the overall process of protein synthesis. You start with, which is transcribed into which then carries instructions to the ribosome to build chains of which result in. 18. Describe the processes of transcription and translation. (p. 223-224) 19. Describe the difference between a template strand and a gene strand in producing mrna. (p. 225) 20. What is the role of RNA polymerase what direction is the gene strand made? (p. 225) 21. What is a promoter and where is it located? (p. 225) 22. Summarize the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination in the production mrna. (p.226) a. initiation - b. elongation - c. termination - 23. How can an organism produce the multiple copies of the same mrna transcript at the same time and what benefit would it provide the organism? (p.226)
24. Before mrna can be exported out of the nucleus, it has to undergo processing. Describe the structure and function of the 5 cap and the poly-a tail. (p. 226) 25. Define the terms intron and exon. Which one of these will be removed before mrna leaves the nucleus? (p. 226 and diagram below) 26. Explain the role of splicosomes, snrna s, and ribozymes in RNA processing. (p. 227) 27. What role do introns play in alternatively splicing mrna? 28. Describe the role of mirna s.
29. How can introns help in creating variation and evolution in genes? (p. 227) 30. What is translation? (p. 228) 31. What role does trna play in translation? (p. 228) 32. Sketch a simplified version of figure 12.14. Include the 3 end site attachment for an amino acid, hydrogen bonding between the bases, and the anticodon - codon interaction. 33. Define the terms codon and anticodon. (p. 228) 34. What does the wobble hypothesis ensure. (p. 229) 35. What is a ribosome primarily composed of?. Where can ribosomes go once synthesized?(p. 229)
36. Summarize the steps of translation. (pgs. 230-231 and figures 12.16, 12.7, 12.8) AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE Initiation 1. 2. 1 2 Elongation 1. 2. 1 2
Elongation 3. 4. 3 4 Termination 1. 1 2. 2
37. Summarize the events of protein synthesis in eukaryotes using figure 12.19 (and below) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1 2 3 4 5 8 6 7
38. Define the terms associated with the structure of a chromosome. (p. 233-234) a. histone - b. nucleosome - c. euchromatin - d. heterochomatin - 39. Identify the five levels of chromosome organization using figure 12.20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.