SpringerBriefs in Energy

SpringerBriefs in Energy

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Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim Shaharin Anwar Bin Sulaiman Editors Alternative Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines 123

Editors Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia Shaharin Anwar Bin Sulaiman Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia ISSN 2191-5520 ISSN 2191-5539 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Energy ISBN 978-981-10-7753-1 ISBN 978-981-10-7754-8 (ebook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7754-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964254 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface The chapters contributed in this book are the collections of several groups of research works undertaken at the Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility (CAREM), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. This is an initial effort to amass all knowledge gained and experiential learning from the postgraduate students, researchers, and academic staff in developing the experimental methods, rigs, and test beds in order to accomplish the research endeavor into a book series. This current book is entitled Alternative Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines, aptly to address one of the major research focuses of CAREM, which is to enhance the development and utilization of alternative fuel, in order to reduce or control the environmental impact of internal combustion engine exhaust gases. The alternative fuels discussed in this book include dual fuel techniques, rubber seed/palm oil biodiesel, syngas dual-fueling, water-in-diesel emulsion, and gasification of date palm seeds. The editors hope that this book on alternative fuels for diesel engine will be of benefit to researchers in the field of engine development and on alternative fuels. The Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility (CAREM) was conceptualized from the outcome of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) research and development Master Plan in 2002 which outlines transportation as one of the focus areas of R&D for UTP. The center was set up on August 15, 2005, from the fund of two major grants under the IRPA-PR from Ministry of Science, Technology and the Innovation (MOSTI) in 2003. The vision of CAREM is to emerge as a leader in energy management in transportation and novel power generation, while the mission of CAREM is (1) to provide opportunities for the pursuit of knowledge and expertise in the advancement of energy management in transportation and novel power generation, (2) to perform world-class research and produce technological products with the potential to compete in the world market, v

vi Preface and (3) to nurture creativity and innovativeness among team members by providing support in terms of expertise, facilities, and funds. The end state is to create a world-class center of excellence (COE) for novel energy management in transportation and power generation. Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim Shaharin Anwar Bin Sulaiman

Acknowledgements The editors wish to acknowledge with great appreciation to the following authors that have contributed chapters to this book publication. Rasheed Adewale Opatola A. Rashid A. Aziz Morgan R. Heikal Mior Azman Meor Said Ibrahim Khalil Adam Suzana Yusup Bahaaddein K. M. Mahgoub Shaharin A. Sulaiman Z. A. Abdul Karim Mohammed Yahaya Khan Mohammed Elamen Babiker The research works presented in this book have been made possible by the following research grants. MyRA 0153AB-J17 URIF 11/2013 URIF 6/2012 We are also grateful to the services and support provided by the laboratories for the usage of the facilities and the personnel whose expertise is invaluable. Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility (CAREM) Dr. Firmansyah, Manager, Advanced Propulsion Mr. Ezrann Zharif Zainal Abidin, Manager, Smart Mobility Ahmad Shahrul Mahfuzrazi Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) vii

Contents 1 Dual Fuel (Gas Liquid Diesel)... 1 Rasheed Adewale Opatola, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Morgan R. Heikal and Mior Azman Meor Said 2 Rubber Seed/Palm Oil Biodiesel... 23 Ibrahim Khalil Adam, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Morgan R. Heikal, Suzana Yusup and Firmansyah 3 Syngas Dual-Fuelling... 37 Bahaaddein K. M. Mahgoub, Shaharin A. Sulaiman and Suhaimi Hassan 4 Water-in-Diesel Emulsions Fuel Characteristics... 53 Z. A. Abdul Karim and Mohammed Yahaya Khan 5 Gasification of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Seeds... 65 Mohammed Elamen Babiker, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Morgan Heikal and Suzana Yusup ix

About the Editors Dr. Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim currently serves as an Associate Professor at the Mechanical Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, and has been with the department for over 20 years. He obtained his B.Sc. in Marine Engineering (California Maritime Academy, USA), earned his M.Sc. in Marine Engineering from University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (UK), and later read Automotive Engineering to Ph.D. level at Loughborough University (UK). He had conducted several short courses for the Accelerated Capability Development for PETRONAS Engineers Skill Group-2 which include Design, Operation, Maintenance and Inspection of Steam Boilers, Internal Combustion Engines, and Automotive Engineering. In addition, he also contributed to other short courses such as Centralized Distributed Cooling System and Thermal Power Plant Efficiency and Heat Rate Improvement. He is an active reviewer for several international journals while having published more than 70 journal articles. His research interest includes combustion analysis, energy optimization, marine engineering, power plant engineering, and internal combustion engines. xi

xii About the Editors Dr. Shaharin Anwar Bin Sulaiman is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. He graduated in 1993 with B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Iowa State University. He earned his M.Sc. in Thermal Power and Fluids Engineering from UMIST in 2000 and obtained his Ph.D. in Aerosol Combustion from the University of Leeds in 2006. During his early years as a graduate, he worked as a Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) Project Engineer. His research interests include air-conditioning and ventilation, combustion, sprays and atomization, and biomass energy. He has published more than 130 journal articles in various engineering researches. He is a Member of the ASHRAE and a Corporate Member of the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM). Presently, he is Director of the Hybrid Energy Systems research group in the university and also certified Professional Engineer under the Board of Engineers Malaysia.