Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and Exposition Honolulu, Hawaii September 14, 2011 Mr. Pete Devlin U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Program Market Transformation Manager 1 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Fuel Cells: Benefits & Market Potential The Role of Fuel Cells Key Benefits Very High Efficiency Reduced CO 2 Emissions Reduced Oil Use Reduced Air Pollution Fuel Flexibility up to 60% (electrical) up to 70% (electrical, hybrid fuel cell / turbine) up to 85% (with CHP) 35 50%+ reductions for CHP systems (>80% with biogas) 55 90% reductions for lightduty vehicles >95% reduction for FCEVs (vs. today s gasoline ICEVs) >80% reduction for FCEVs (vs. advanced PHEVs) up to 90% reduction in criteria pollutants for CHP systems Clean fuels including biogas, methanol, H 2 Hydrogen can be produced cleanly using sunlight or biomass directly, or through electrolysis, using renewable electricity Conventional fuels including natural gas, propane, diesel 2 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Fuel Cell Patents Reflect Emerging Growth Clean Energy Patent Growth Index [1] shows that fuel cell patents lead in the clean energy field with nearly 1,000 fuel cell patents issued worldwide in 2010. 3x more than the second place holder, solar, which has just ~360 patents. Number of fuel cell patents grew > 57% in 2010. [1} http://cepgi.typepad.com/heslin_rothenberg_farley_/ 3 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Progress: Costs Reduced in Early Markets Deployments of fuel cells in early markets have reduced costs substantially. 50% or greater reduction in costs 2008 model generally underestimated cost reductions 2005 and 2010 averages based on estimates supplied by OEMs. 2010 predicted assumed government procurements of 2,175 units per year, total for all market segments. Predictions assumed a progress ratio of 0.9 and scale elasticity of -0.2. 4 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Progress - Fuel Cell R&D Tracking durability for diverse applications. Maximum projected durability exceeds some DOE targets. Application Average Automotive 4,046 Backup Power 3,281 Material Handling 13,168 Stationary 16,545 NREL Tracking durability data from multiple companies (NREL) Challenges Continue to decrease cost and increase durability without compromising performance. LANL, ORNL, ANL, BNL 5 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Background: Biogas as an Early Source of Renewable Hydrogen The majority of biogas resources are situated near large urban centers ideally located near the major demand centers for hydrogen for FCEVs. Hydrogen can be produced from this renewable resource using existing steammethane-reforming technology. SOURCE: Wastewater Treatment, could provide enough H 2 to refuel 100,000 vehicles per day. 500,000 MT per year of methane is available from wastewater treatment plants in the U.S. ~50% of this resource could provide ~340,000 kg/day of hydrogen. SOURCE: Landfills, could provide enough H 2 to refuel 2 3 million vehicles/day. 12.4 million MT per year of methane is available from landfills in the U.S. ~50% of this resource could provide ~8 million kg/day of hydrogen. 6 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Combined Heat and Power/Combined Heat, Hydrogen and Power (CHP, CHHP) Electricity Power Natural Gas Heat / Cooling Natural Gas or Biogas Fuel Cell Adapted from NREL Excess power generated by the fuel cell is fed to the grid Coproduction of H 2 Combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) or Trigeneration 7 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Bio-methane from Biogas Fuel cells operating on bio-methane or hydrogen derived from bio-methane can mitigate energy and environmental issues and provide an opportunity for their commercialization. Other drivers are: need for fuel diversity/flexibility, evolving policies for renewables, and related incentives. Source Production & Cleanup Anaerobic Digester Distribution & Utilization Reformation / Fuel Cell Systems Power Grid H2A Production Model Platform for new cost analysis model aimed at calculating levelized cost of bio-methane (from biogas). Animal Waste Landfills Biogas Biomethane Electricity Heat Stationary End-Use Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power Model Analysis of stationary fuel cell systems in standalone and combined heat, hydrogen, and power (CHHP) models. SERA Model Optimization tool, may also be used for related infrastructure analysis upon modification. Water Treat. Plant Clean-Up System Injection in NG Pipelines Vehicle Fueling Station Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory 8 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 8 eere.energy.gov
Cost Reduction Roadmap for Stationary Fuel Cells (using biogas or natural gas) $/kw Installed Technology advancements, advanced manufacturing, and economies of scale are required to achieve necessary cost reductions. Stationary Fuel Cell Cost-Reduction Pathways 8000 $0.21/kWh 7000 6000 5000 $0.17/kWh 4000 Biogas Capable Biogas contains impurities that must be removed before it can be used in fuel cells. Gas cleanup equipment and operation result in costs beyond those associated with systems that use only natural gas. 3000 2000 1000 Natural Gas-Only $0.09/kWh $0.08/kWh 0 2010 Cost Status Fuel Flexibility & Gas Cleanup Stack R&D Manuf R&D and Volume 2020 9 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Well-to-Wheels Petroleum Analysis Analysis by Argonne National Lab, DOE Vehicle Technologies Program, and FCT Program shows benefits from a portfolio of options. Well-to-Wheels Petroleum Energy Use H 2 from Natural Gas FCEVs fueled by H 2 from distributed natural gas can almost completely eliminate petroleum use. 1 million FCEVs would only increase current natural gas consumption by less than 0.2%* * 1 million FCEVs would require ~1 billion cubic meters/year of NG; current NG consumption is about 600 billion cubic meters/yr Btu of petroleum per mile Notes: For a projected state of technologies in 2035-2045. Ultra-low carbon renewable electricity includes wind, solar, etc. Does not include the life-cycle effects of vehicle manufacturing and infrastructure construction/decommissioning. Analysis & Assumptions at: http://hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/10001_well_to_wheels_gge_petroleum_use.pdf 10 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Well-to-Wheels CO 2 Analysis Analysis by Argonne National Lab, DOE Vehicle Technologies Program, and FCT Program shows benefits from a portfolio of options Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gases Emissions H 2 from Natural Gas Even FCEVs fueled by H 2 from distributed NG can result in a >50% reduction in GHG emissions from today s vehicles. Use of H 2 from NG decouples carbon from energy use i.e., it allows carbon to be managed at point of production vs at the tailpipe. Even greater emissions reductions are possible as hydrogen from renewables enter the market. Grams CO 2 -equivalent per mile Notes: For a projected state of technologies in 2035-2045. Ultra-low carbon renewable electricity includes wind, solar, etc. Does not include the lifecycle effects of vehicle manufacturing and infrastructure construction/decommissioning. Analysis & Assumptions at: http://hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/10001_well_to_wheels_gge_petroleum_use.pdf 11 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Vehicle Lifecycle Cost Analysis Fuel cell vehicles can be cost-competitive with conventional and other advanced vehicles on a lifecycle basis including hydrogen infrastructure costs. Lifecycle Costs of Advanced Vehicles 12 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Program Plan includes Portfolio 13 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov Source: US DOE 10/2010
Program is addressing Key Challenges Technology Barriers* Economic & Institutional Barriers The Program has been addressing the key challenges facing the widespread commercialization of fuel cells. Fuel Cell Cost & Durability Targets*: Stationary Systems: $750 per kw, 40,000-hr durability Vehicles: $30 per kw, 5,000-hr durability Hydrogen Cost Target*: $2 4 /gge, (dispensed and untaxed) Hydrogen Storage Capacity Target: > 300-mile range for vehicles without compromising interior space or performance Safety, Codes & Standards Development Domestic Manufacturing & Supplier Base Public Awareness & Acceptance Hydrogen Supply & Delivery Infrastructure Technology Validation: Technologies must be demonstrated under real-world conditions. Market Transformation Assisting the growth of early markets will help to overcome many barriers, including achieving significant cost reductions through economies of scale. 14 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Federal Role in Fuel Cells: RD&D to Deployments DOE R&D Reduces cost and improves performance Examples of progress: $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $- Transportation Fuel Cell System Cost - projected to high-volume (500,000 units per year) - Status: $51/kW (high vol) Target: $30/kW 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2017 Reduced cost of fuel cells 30% since 2008, 80% since 2002 Reduced cost of electrolyzer stacks 60% since 2007 DOE Demonstrations & Technology Validation Validate advanced technologies under realworld conditions Feedback guides R&D Demonstrated 155 FCEVs, 24 stations, 3 million miles traveled Examples validated: 59% efficiency 254 mile range (independently validated 430-mile range) 75,000-mi durability Program also includes enabling activities such as codes & standards, analysis, and education. Deployments DOE Recovery Act Projects DOE Loan Guarantees (TBD) Government Early Adoption (DoD, FAA, California, etc.) Tax Credits: 1603, 48C Recovery Act & Market Transformation Deployments > 1,000 fuel cells being deployed 15 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Reducing Fuel Cell Cost & Improving Durability Reduced the projected high-volume cost of fuel cells to $49/kW (2011)* Projected Transportation Fuel Cell System Cost -projected to high-volume (500,000 units per year)- More than 30% reduction since 2008** More than 80% reduction since 2002 Key Accomplishments: Reduced platinum group metal (PGM) content from >1 g/kw to <0.2 g/kw (target: 0.125 g/kw) Five-fold improvement in power 1kW/g to >5 kw/g (target: 8 kw/g) Novel catalyst structure has shown the potential to meet and exceed targets for durability (5,000 hours). *Based on projection to high-volume manufacturing (500,000 units/year), www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/10004_fuel_cell_cost.pdf. **Independent panel found $60 $80/kW to be a valid estimate for 2008, http://hydrogendoedev.nrel.gov/peer_reviews.html 16 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Cost Reduction Roadmap for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles We have pathways to reduce cost for all key components in lifecycle cost. FCEV Lifecycle Cost Reduction Pathways Assumptions 53 /mi Fuel Cell 9 /mi 5 /mi Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel cells Cost: $51/kW $30/kW (low-volume cost is $100/kW) Durability: 75k 150k miles Hydrogen Other Vehicle Costs Manufacturing R&D and volume will make substantial contributions to overall reductions in the cost of fuel cells Fuel Cell R&D will address cost, performance, and durability 12 /mi Hydrogen R&D will reduce cost for multiple H 2 production pathways, delivery, and storage 28 /mi Fuel Cell Hydrogen Other Vehicle Costs Hydrogen Production Cost: $5.50/gge $3.00/gge On-board Hydrogen Storage Cost: $5,050 $1,100 FCEV fuel economy 50 mpgge ~60 mpgge Annual miles driven: 10,000 mi 17 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Progress Spurring Early Markets with ARRA and Market Transformation Activities Units Deployed more than 820 fuel cells to date for use in forklifts and backup power at several companies including Sprint, AT&T, FedEX, Kimberly Clark, and Whole Foods FROM the LABORATORY to DEPLOYMENT: DOE funding has supported R&D by all of the fuel cell suppliers involved in these projects. DOE: $42 M Cost-share: $54 M Total: $96 M. Forklifts FedEX Freight East, GENCO, Nuvera Fuel Cells, Sysco Houston Back-up Power Plug Power, Inc., ReliOn, Inc., Sprint Nextel Portable Power Jadoo Power, MTI MicroFuel Cells, Univ. of N. Florida Auxiliary Power Delphi Automotive ARRA JOBS STATUS (Apr 2011) ~46 jobs reported on Recovery.gov 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Market Transformation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Deployments* 44 3 12 95 75 5 2009 2010 MT Funding Year Infrastructure* Buses MHE Stationary EBU* 18 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
Accomplishments Data Collection Snapshot (NREL) ARRA Material Handling Equipment Data Hydrogen Dispensed As of 12/31/2010 > 18,500 kg Hydrogen Fills > 38,800 Hours Accumulated > 307,400 hrs Additional fuel cell lift truck deployments taking place based on ARRA experience and lessons learned! Durability Reliability ~3,000 hrs* 75% w/mtbf > 100 hrs ADDITIONAL DEPLOYMENTS MORE THAN 500 ADDITIONAL FUEL CELL FORKLIFTS PLANNED E.g., Sysco, H-E-B Grocery, BMW *Average projected hours to 10% voltage drop of all the fleets with a max fleet project of more than 9,500 hours. 25% of systems have more than 2,300 operation hours and one fleet averages more than 2,6000 operation hours. 19 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov 19
DOE Deployments Backup Power $3.6M in a cost-shared effort to install more than 230 kw in fuel cell backup power across 8 DOD installations, 1 NASA Research Center, and DOE National Lab. Locations Cheyenne Mountain AFB (CO) Fort Hood (TX) Fort Bragg (NC) Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD) Picatinny Arsenal (NJ) U.S. Military Academy West Point (NY) U.S. Marine Corps (CA) Ohio National Guard (OH) NASA Ames (CA) Argonne National Laboratory (IL) Plug Power units at Ft. Jackson ERDC-CERL will manage the project with NREL collecting data for the first two years of the 5-year demonstration. LOGANEnergy will use fuel cells from four manufacturers: ReliOn, Altergy, Idatech and Hydrogenics. 20 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
DOE-DOD Deployments Big Island Multiple energy uses will leverage resources and increase asset use. 21 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
DOE Deployment Big Island Electrolyzer 22 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov
DOD-DOE Memorandum of Understanding Strengthen coordination and partnerships between DOE and DOD. Workshops Held Waste-to-Energy Outcomes & Next Steps DOD-DOE working group formed to identify opportunities. Impact Aviation APUs Industry working group established Shipboard APUs Bio/logistics fuels reforming 634,000 million BTUs potential energy savings using waste-to-energy CHP 2 Potentially reduce NOx emissions by ~900-2,200 tons/yr for aircraft & 1,200-2,000 tons/yr for GSE 2 Shipboard fuel cells capable of saving ~11,000-16,000 bbls/ship/yr 2 1 FCHEA, http://www.fchea.org/index.php?id=14, 2 DOD Estimates 23 Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 9/29/2011 eere.energy.gov 23