Unit 8 Walls & Partition 1 1
Learning Objectives Briefly explain the functions & functional requirements of walls Differentiate and compare between load bearing and non-load bearing walls Briefly describe the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different types of walls 2
Definition of Wall A continuous, vertical structure Thin relatively to its length and height 3
Functions External walls to enclose and protect a building against weather for reasonable indoor comfort Internal walls to divide buildings into rooms 4
Functional Requirements a) Strength & Stability To resist stresses due to selfweight, superimposed and lateral pressure such as wind To be stable to avoid overturning due to eccentric loading or lateral pressure To be able to avoid buckling due to excessive slenderness 5
Functional Requirements b) Resistance to Weather and Ground Moisture To resist passage of moisture into building Moisture (water vapour or liquid water) from groundwater or rain Methods: i. Thicker wall ii. Cavity wall iii. Damp proof membrane (impervious skin) 6
Water Exclusion 7
Functional Requirements c) Durability and Freedom from Maintenance Indicated by frequency and extent of work necessary to maintain the wall Minimum cost of maintenance 8
Functional Requirements d) Resistance to the Passage of Heat Barrier to heat gain/loss which increases cost of cooling and heating Affect energy consumption Heat gain higher need for air conditioning Glass & metal poor thermal insulation 9
Functional Requirements d) Resistance to the Passage of Heat (Cont d) Methods of thermal insulation i. Thicker wall ii. Cavity/double wall iii. Thermal insulation layer iv. Internal lining for claddings and glass 10
Thermal Insulation for Walls 11
Functional Requirements e) Resistance to the Passage of Noise Exclude noise from traffic, aircraft, train, building services plant & impact sound caused by neighbours Noise lead to irritation & poor productivity Methods: i. Thicker walls ii. Cavity/double wall iii. Lining with absorbent material 12
Noise Insulation 13
Functional Requirements f) Aesthetics Walls are important visually Affected by choice of materials 14
Types of Walls Brick Wall Block Wall RC Wall Stone Masonry Wall Cladding and Curtain Wall Drywall 15
Brick Wall Brick small block of burned clay, concrete or sand-lime Can be used for load bearing and nonload bearing walls 16
Brick Wall Made of bricks laid in mortar Laid to overlap in some form of bonding Pointing to ensure joints are solidly filled (watertight) and for decorative reasons 17
Brick Wall Finished with i. Plastering ii. Tiles iii. Self finished 18
Brick Wall Finished with i. Plastering ii. Tiles iii. Self finished 19
Brick Wall Finished with i. Plastering ii. Tiles iii. Self finished 20
Advantages Cheap Good fire resistance Brick Wall Good thermal insulator Doesn t deteriorate structurally and requires little maintenance 225 mm thick brick wall give acceptable sound insulation 21
Disadvantages Expansion is quite large expansion joints needed Slow construction Brick Wall Application Walls to residential buildings Fire compartment 22
Brick Wall - Control Joints 23
Brick Wall Common types of bonds for brickwork 24
Block Wall Blocks wall unit larger in size then bricks Used for load bearing and non-load bearing walls 25
Block Wall Types: i. Hollow clay blocks ii. Hollow concrete blocks iii. Solid concrete blocks iv. Lightweight concrete blocks 26
Block Wall Types: i. Hollow clay blocks ii. Hollow concrete blocks iii. Solid concrete blocks iv. Lightweight concrete blocks 27
Block Wall Types: i. Hollow clay blocks ii. Hollow concrete blocks iii. Solid concrete blocks iv. Lightweight concrete blocks 28
Block Wall Advantages Economical Faster erection Less joints High resistance to damage by fire Good thermal insulator 29
Block Wall Disadvantages Suffer moisture movement causing cracking of plaster Settlement movement show more pronounced cracking Poor appearance require finish Poor sound insulation Application Mostly internal walls 30
RC Wall Used for load bearing walls Basement walls, service core, lift shafts and retaining walls Retaining wall 31
RC Wall Advantages Economical when used to support, enclose for divide Dense fairly watertight Good fire resistance A B C D E E F F C D B A 32
RC Wall Disadvantages Low thermal insulation Require finishing to achieve better surface appearance May crack due to shrinkage 33
Stone Masonry Wall Natural or manufactured stone Bound together by mortar Very durable. However, quality of mortar and workmanship and patterns of assembly strongly affect the durability. Can be used as load bearing or non-load bearing walls 34
Stone Masonry Wall Rubble walling walls made of broken stones of irregular size, shape and texture 35
Rubble Walling 36
Stone Masonry Feature Wall 37
Interior walls Drywall Panels made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper or fibreglass 38
Internal Partition Referring mainly to dry wall partition Dry wall partition which subdivide a room and is non load bearing. Requires finishing only at the fasteners and joints Less labor and drying time Very popular faster Mounted on light-gauge steel frame Panels made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of fibreglass. 2 Panels usually sandwich a layer of rockwool. 39
Performance Requirement Flexibility Sound Insulation Fire Strength & Stability Appearance & Durability Services Accommodation Ease of Construction Internal Partition 40
Performance Requirement Internal Partition Sound Insulation reduction obtained when sound passes from one side of a partition to another To achieve good sound insulation partitions require either a heavy construction or the use of carefully designed partition with two leaves which are as far as possible acoustically separate and the cavity filled with an absorbent quilt. 41
Performance Requirement Internal Partition Fire Partition used as part of fire compartmentalization strategy Requires fire rating of half to 2 hours depending on room use and locations To prevent spread of smoke, dry partition should be extended to the soffit of slab instead of suspended ceiling 42
Performance Requirement Internal Partition Strength & Stability Resist various types of loadings. Include daily impact loading such as doors closing or people leaning against it. May be required to carry permanent loads such as shelves and wash basins. Appearance & Durability Ease of maintenance Design and finishes 43
Performance Requirement Services Accommodation Internal Partition Use as a space to conceal services, particularly electrical and communications cables. If the engineer is intending to use voids within partitions for services he must ensure space is adequate, but that after installation, the services can be easily accessed for repair and maintenance. 44
Performance Requirement Internal Partition Ease of Construction Leveling Building services above Services penetration Construction of doors Level of fire rating and noise reduction 45
Unit 8 Windows & Doors 4 6 46
Windows 47
Windows 48
Windows 49
Doors 50
Doors French Glass Door Louvred Door Panel Door Glass Wooden Door 51
Doors 52
Doors 53
Fire Rated Door 54
Unit 8 Finishes 5 5 55
Introduction Finish Work: Construction work phase that provides an attractive, completed appearance and provides protection to the building. Finish work includes interior walls and ceilings, installing finished flooring, doors and completed surfaces. 56
Selection Criteria Selection of wall and floor finishes for a building / facilities depend on the performance require.d Resistance to wear and tear / durability Resistance to stain requiring minimal maintenance Resistance to oil, grease and chemicals eg at the kitchen area Resistance to moisture eg bathrooms, toilets, balconies Slip resistance (for floor finishes) Cost and quality Aesthetic 57
Selection Criteria Floor Finishes Cost, appearance, durability Resistance to wear, impact Resistance to oil, grease Resistance to moisture Resistance to stain Non slip Durability 58
Types of Floor Finishes In-situ Cement and sand screed As a finishes or base for applied finishes Provide fall towards floor trap. Accommodate services Improve sound insulation 59
Granolithic finish Mixture of cement and granite chippings applied to concrete slab. Very hard wearing Types of Floor Finishes Used in areas where easy maintenance is required. 60
Applied Finishes Types of Floor Finishes Ceramic / ClayTile Resistant to chemical, abrasion Easy maintenance, colour permanent Wide range of colours and design 61
Applied Finishes Types of Floor Finishes Stone Finishes Granite, Marble Natural stones Varying size & thickness Hard wearing / cold Difficult to maintain Slippery when wet 62
Applied Finishes Parquet Vinyl Carpet Types of Floor Finishes 63
Wall material can be self finished ex. brickwall Or applied eg Plaster & Paint Wall Tiling Others Wall Finishes 64
Most commonly used Cheaper than tiling Can have a wide range of colours or texture Special application possible Also used for repairing Plaster & Paint 65
Requirement of Plaster Provide a smooth base for finishes No contraction Adhere firmly Good sound insulation Fire resistant Durable Plastering 66
Plaster & Paint Application of Plaster 2 coat 1 st coat is usually about 10mm thick 1 st coat need to be scratched to form key for finishing coat. Finishing coat is also about 10mm thick Can apply skim coat (3mm thick) Addition of lime to reduce shrinkage 67
Functional Requirements Protects surfaces from rain sunlight, abrasion, chemicals, micro- organisms Provide decoration Provide hygienic surfaces Remain intact with surface Be easily applied to the surface and easily removed Painting 68
Plaster & Paint Plastering to fill up all gaps, cracks and create an even surface for the wall. Sealer protects the undercoat, gives max adhesion and ensure uniform colour match. 69
Plaster & Paint Primer a preparatory coating put on materials before painting. Ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases paint durability, and provides additional protection for the material being painted. Especially for non water resistant material eg timber Epoxy Primer used for waterproofing and protecting metal) 70
Types of Paint 71
Other Types of Wall Finishes Tile Stone Finishes Granite, Marble Wall Paper 72
Other types of Wall Finishes Tile Fixing Sand cement method Cement and sand scratched for key Float coat Tiles soaked in water before tiling Tile buttered with mortar Start from base of wall and align for level and plumb. Adhesive method Proprietary 2mm thick Thicker if need to accommodate uneven surface. Joints grouted 73
Stone Finishes Granite, Marble Other types of Wall Finishes GRANITE WALL INSTALLATION 74
Raised Floor A raised floor is a type of elevated structural floor that is supported by a metal grid and allows cables, mechanical facilities, electrical supplies and wiring to run beneath it. Generally used in data centres, telecommunication environments and modern office buildings. A raised floor is also a common way to cool a building by using the empty space beneath the raised floor as a plenum chamber to dispense conditioned air. A raised floor may also be referred to as raised flooring, an access floor, access flooring and a raised access computer floor. 75
Raised Floor 76
Raised Floor Performance Requirement Client s Requirements House data and power Durable Flexible Can hold partition Compatible with ceiling and partition What does it mean? Min 300mm depth/ access panel/ cutting Maintenance free/ strong sturdy material Modular Sufficient loading strength Wide range of design/ aesthetic 77
Raised Floor Performance Requirement Other Possible Requirements What does it mean? Fire resistance Finishes Flexibility in access Sustainability Fire rating / Fire Code compliance Smooth enough to receive other finishes eg carpet Dimensions and size compatible with carpet Recyclable 78
Suspended Ceiling Used to Conceal building services Create a uniform ceiling finishes Create an acoustic environment 79
Types Jointless Suspended Ceiling plasterboard is fixed to the underside of the suspended framework. Provide a fire resistant ceiling Not suitable for a situation where services are to be carried in the void. Alternatively expanded metal lathing is fixed to the underside of the suspension framework and lightweight plaster or other fibrous materia is sprayed on 80
Types Suspended Ceiling Jointed Consist basically of a metal framed grid suspended from the floor or structure above. Into the grid are fitted tiles made from a variety of materials such as mineral fibre board, plaster and metal. Tiles are then supported by the grid. 81
Types Suspended Ceiling Jointed An alternative method is concealed grid Most systems although the grid cannot be seen the joints between the tiles are visible. For top quality construction the textured finish on the tile, combined with the high quality edge to the tiles, results in a finished ceiling that looks monolithic, as if constructed using a jointless wet method. One problem with this technique is that access to the ceiling void is not easy and attempts to do so can damage the ceiling finish. 82
Types Open Design to give a visual barrier between the room below and the ceiling void above by the use of an open grid Suspended Ceiling 83
Suspended Ceiling Suspended Ceiling Performance Requirement Client s Requirements House data and power Durable Accessible /Flexible Compatible with floor and partition / Aesthetic What does it mean? Min 600mm depth/ access panel/ cutting Safety / No risk of falling Modular/ Easily accessed Wide range of design/ aesthetic 84
Suspended Ceiling Performance Requirement Other Possible Requirements What does it mean? Fire resistance Acoustic Thermal insulation Light Reflectance Sustainability Suspended Ceiling Reduce heat loss/ gain Able to reflect light back into the room Recyclable Fire rating / Fire Code compliance Reduce noise transmission but not very effective 85