CAMBODIA Participants: 5 Mr. KANN SALORN Mr. THORN SAN Mr. PHAN TOUCH Mr. HOR SINET Mr. THAN VICHEKA
Contents 1-Overview of grain post-harvest technology 2-Contraints 3-Government Policy 4-Future prospects 5-Expectations from course/future collaboration
1-Overview of grain post-harvest technology 1.1-Introduction 1.2-Post-harvest operation by farmers 1.3-Post Harvest project in Cambodia 1.4-Rice research and extension institution
1.1-Introduction Grain crops in Cambodia such as Rice Maize Mung bean Soybean Sesame cowpea.
Maize in Cambodia
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) These slides will present An overview of rice grain post-harvest operations by rice farmers in Cambodia. Rice losses during each stage of postproduction.
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) Rice is staple food for subsistence and commerce Rice areas are biggest than other crops
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) Annual Rice cropping calendar: Wet Season (WS) May-Aug : Early WS Rice May-Dec : WS Rice Dry Season (DS) Nov-Feb : Recession Rice Jan-Apr : DS Rice
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) The Techniques of Post- Harvest is still poor practices. Total losses 30-50% per ton from harvest to market. In Value approximately US$ 30 per ton
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) The causes of rice losses: spoilage and wastage at the farm level delay in drying poor storage poorly maintained or outdated rice mills losses to pests throughout the post-harvest chain
1.1-Introduction ( Con t) For last 10 years, Rice has been improved in quantity and quality Now is export for rice For majority of farmers, rice still a matter of survival
1.2-Post-harvest operation by farmers Contents: 1.2.1-Harvesting and Threshing 1.2.2-Drying 1.2.3-Storage 1.2.4-Milling 1.2.5-Quality control and Inspection 1.2.6-Utilization of by-product of grains
1.2.1-Harvesting and Threshing This process consists of four basic operations: Cutting: the mature panicles and straw above ground. Transportation: the cut crop to the threshing location. Threshing: separating the paddy grain from the rest of the cut crop. Cleaning: removing immature, unfilled and non-grain materials.
Cutting Major families use sickles to cut rice stalks Minor families use combine
Transportation Ox-cart Motorbike trailer Two wheel tractor trailer Four wheel tractor trailer Boat Truck
Threshing
Cleaning Grain cleaning by Combine Grain cleaning by threshing machine Grain cleaning by natural air blowing Threshing by hand, no cleaning for ethnic people
1.2.2-Drying Drying under sunlight There are 3 times of drying: after cutting, after threshing and before milling. No moisture content checking
1.2.3-Storage
1.2.3-Storage(Con t)
1.2.4-Milling
Table1.Rice mill yields for Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia (Village) Theoretical Yield Capacity (t/hour) 1.35 0.2 - Husk (%) 24 31 19 Brown rice (%) 76 69 82 Bran (%) 11 16 8 Milled rice (%) 65 53 72 Head rice (%) 40-55 Broken kernels(%) 25-17
Table2: Rice Quantity Losses in Cambodia Post-Harvest Stage Cutting Transportation Threshing Drying Storage Milling Total Mean (%) 3.0 3.6 1.6 2.0 10.7 14.7 35.6 Range (%) 2.2-3.8 2.0-5.2 1.0-2.2 1.0-2.0 3.5-18.0 7.5-22.0 17.2-53.2
1.2.5-Quality control and Inspection (Con t) Checked by consumers, merchants and millers Based on varieties, odor and tasty ( Aromatic or Nonaromatic) View of physical appearance of grain maturity Confidential assurance for long term business between producers and businessmen There are no facilities used for moisture content checking.
1.2.5-Quality control and Inspection for organic rice in some agricultural cooperatives There are two part of checking: 1-External checking by businessman Use lab for checking chemical content Provide certificate to coop to recognized product 2-Internal checking by committee inside coop Household produce organic fertilizers Free of application the chemicals Packing and Setting up product brand
1.2.5-Quality control and Inspection (con t)
1.2.6-Utilization of by-product of grains Rice stubbles used as organic matter for soil and for mushroom production, Rice straw used as feed for cattle and buffaloes; organic matter for soil and for mushroom production, Rice husk used as organic fertilizers, mushroom production; and chicken raising, Rice bran and Broken Rice used as feed for cattle, chicken, duck, swine and fishes.
1.2.6-Utilization of by-product of grains (Con t)
1.3-Post Harvest project in Cambodia Cambodia-IRRI-Australian Project (CIAP ) funded by AusAID Agricultural Quality Improvement Project (AQIP) funded by AusAID IRRI/ADB/JFPR Post-Harvest Project funded by ADB
1.4-Rice research and extension institutions Research 1. Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) 2. Department of Agronomy and Land Improvement (DAALI) Extension 1. Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) 2. Provincial Office of Agricultural Extension (P/OAE) 3. District Agricultural Office (DAO) 4. Group of Farmers / Agricultural Cooperative
2-Contraints Shortage of Resource Persons Limitation of Governmental Budget Low incentives by Government Shortage of Local Research Institutes Poor Research Activities in Universities Research and Extension linkage is still not preferable Poor collaboration among stakeholders involve in Value-Chain Added
2-Contraints (Con t) Natural disaster affects grain quantity and quality, Improper Irrigation Schemes Low knowledge of Farm Operation and Management Poor road access to production sites Poor knowledge and refurbishment in mechanical and agro-industrial facilities Market price of rice is fluctuated
Constraints
3-Government Policy Promoting the role of agriculture in economic growth Implementing agricultural intensification and diversification Increasing agricultural exports Attraction of private sector in agricultural development Development of irrigation system Expanding the Research and Extension
4-Future prospects 1. Strengthen and expansion the human resource 2. Conduct field demonstration 3. Conduct baseline survey and future impact of postharvest technology operation 4. Facilitate in creation of miller association 5. Create closer linkage between research and extension institutions 6. Improve the marketing system for rice grain
5-Expectations from course will learn from other country s participants Being clearer the definition of post-harvesting will learn factors affect to the losses and low quality of grains will upgrade the knowledge and skills of grain post-harvest technology, will build future networking and relationship among each country's participants
Build future networking/relationship each country s participants
Expectation for future collaboration Dispatching of Post-harvest expert Releasing fund for grain post-harvest extension activities Conduction of baseline survey and future impact of post-harvest technology Concentration of Post-Harvest Technology into agricultural cooperatives Invitation in oversea meeting, conference and study tours among each country's participant
ASEAN delegates visit cooperative in Cambodia
E N D Thank For Your All paying Attention