Rice Farming in Asia: Political or Environmental or Business Crop?

Transcription

1 Rice Farming in Asia: Political or Environmental or Business Crop? Akimi Fujimoto Professor of Bio-Business Environment, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan

2 OUTLINE 1. Rice in Asia 2. Green Revolution 3. Stages of Technological Change 4. Emergence of Organic Farming 5. Academic Frontier Research Project

3 Rice in Asia Production ('000 t) Area ('000 ha) Yield (t/ha) World 254, , , , Asia 232, , , , Africa 5,495 18,851 3,289 9, Bangladesh 15,751 40,054 9,360 11, China 90, ,354 30,575 29, India 45, ,513 35,470 43, Indonesia 12,975 53,985 7,327 11, Japan 16,126 11,342 3,259 1, Philippines 4,073 14,615 3,109 4, Thailand 11,164 27,000 6,270 10, Vietnam 9,370 36,341 4,826 7, U.S.A 3,460 10, , Source: IRRI(

4 Rice Trade unit: 1,000t Imports Exports Trade Balance World 8, , , , ,076.4 Africa , ,620.4 Asia 5, , , , ,218.9 Bangladesh China , , India 1, , , ,794.5 Indonesia Japan 1, , Philippines , ,049.1 Thailand , , , ,989.7 Vietnam , ,086.6 U.S.A , , , ,586.0 Source: IRRI(

5 Rice in Total Calorie Supply Asia Africa World Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Thailand U.S.A Vietnam Source: IRRI(

6 Green Revolution Increase in Rice Production Extensification Land reclamation Intensification Higher intensity of input use Yield-increasing technology Pesticides Fertilizers High Yielding Varieties Irrigation Rice double-cropping Mechanization Labor-saving technology Package Technology

7 Area Planted to Modern Varieties unit: 1,000Ha Country Area planted to modern varieties Bangladesh 460 5,194 China n.a. n.a. India 5,588 31,375 Indonesia 811 9,191 Japan n.a. n.a. Philippines 1,503 3,412 Thailand 30 1,410 Vietnam n.a. 5,153 Source: IRRI (

8 NPK Usage (tons/ha) World Africa Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Thailand U.S.A Vietnam Source: IRRI( Note: Fertilizer = NPK

9 Bangladesh China India Indonesia Philippines Thailand Vietnam U.S.A Pesticide Sales (US$/ha) JAPAN Source: IRRI(

10 Irrigation (2001) Total Rice Land (1,000ha) World 151,199 Asia 135,657 Africa 1,331 Bangladesh 10,900 China 28,587 India 44,500 Indonesia 11,700 Japan 1,700 Philippines 4,065 Thailand 9,800 Vietnam 7,547 Percentage to total rice land area World Africa Asia Banglades China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Thailand Vietnam U.S.A USA 1,311 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Irrigated Rainfed lowland Upland Deepwater Source: IRRI(

11 Unit: No. per 1,000Ha Tractors Harvesters-Threshers World Africa Asia Australia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Japan Philippines Thailand U.S.A Vietnam Source: FAO Yearbook, FAO Statistical Databeses Mechanization

12 Stages Intensity Main Inputs Yield Extensive Low Labor Low Labor Intensive Medium Labor Medium Traditional Farming Labor and Variable Capital Intensive High Labor, Seed, Fertilizer, Pesticide High Green Revolution Capital Intensive High Seed, Fertilizer, Pesticide, Machinery High Mechanized Farming Alternative Medium Seed, Compost, Machinery, Bio- Functions Medium, High Organic Farming

13 Emergence of Organic Farming Chronology of Institutional Development for Organic Farming in Japan 1989 MAFF set up Environment Conservation Agriculture (ECA) section 1992 New Agricultural Policy: ECA as one of agendas 1992 Guidelines for special labeling of perishable products such as organic products 1994 Basic rationale of ECA was set and publisized; organic farming as one of ECA 1997 Guidelines revised and applied to rice, wheat, barley and beans: Organic products, organic products in transition, and special grown products 1999 Agriculture, Food and Rural Basic Law 1999 JAS Law: amended to control labeling 1999 Sustainable Agriculture Promotion Law: Certification of Eco-farmers 2000 Circulation Society Formation Promotin Basic Law 2000 Enactment of JAS for organic agricultural products and organic processed foods 2001 Compulsory certification for organic products (JAS Law) 2003 JAS Law: amended for stricter control of labeling 2005 Enactment of JAS for organic feeds and organic livestock products 2005 Full amendment of JAS for organic agricultural products and organic processed foods

14 Number of Certified Organic and Eco-Farms in Japan Year Organic Farms Domestic Abroad Eco-Farms , , ,704 1, ,266 Sources: 1) Eco-Farms: 2) Organic Farms: Quantity of Certified Organic Products in Japan Organic Products Domestic Organic Production Proportion to the total production Domestic Organic Production Proportion to the total production Imported (tons) (%) (tons) (tons) (%) (tons) Vegetables 19, ,818 29, ,917 Fruits 1, ,085 2, ,512 Rice 7, ,785 11, ,171 Wheat/Barley , ,634 Soy beans 1, , ,362 Green tea , Others 2, ,834 2, ,250,255 Total 33, ,186 48, ,440,177 Source: Imported

15 Institutional Support of Organic Agriculture in Asia Country Presence of National Organic Standards No. of Local Certifying Bodies Certification Compulsory or Not Since when? China O 32 O 2005 India O 11 O 2001 Indonesia O 2 X - Japan O 57 O 2001 Malaysia O 1 X - Nepal X - X Philippines O 1 O 2005 Thailand O 2 X - Vietnam X - X -

16 Main Challenges for Organic Rice Farming Maintenance of soil fertility: alternative input per 0.1 ha 671 kg of compost; 65% had to be obtained from external sources 373 kg of rice straws; 100% self-supplied 139 kg of other organic matters: 80% self-supplied Pest Control Disease resistance varieties Strong and healthy seedlings Weeding 78% of organic farmers conducted manual or mechanical weeding 38% of the farmers raised ducks or fish for weeding 6% used a paper mulch

17 Organic versus Conventional Rice Ave. yield per 0.1 ha: 16% lower Ave. price per 60 kg: 77% higher Gross income per 0.1 ha: 44% higher Total expenditure per 0.1 ha: 26% higher Labor input: 61% higher Marketing: direct sale to consumers Net income per 0.1 ha: 90% higher Difficulties in large-scale operation * Tended to limit the total income of farmers Main problems: * Larger labor input, particularly in weeding * Unstable yield

18 Tokyo University of Agriculture Academic Frontier Research Project: Development of New Bio-Agents for Alternative Farming Systems Experiments of Organic Farming Weed control in Rice Farming Paper Mulching Duck Grazing Deep Water Rice Bran Mechanical Weeding

19 Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture Niigata Tokyo

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25 Thank you for your attention!