Expert Group Meeting Beirut, 6 July 2011 Session 5: Experiences in ESCWA Region / Learned Lessons / Technology Transfer Needs "Reducing emissions in urban areas through better spatial planning, effective public transport systems and infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists" Christian Schlosser, Ph.D. UN-HABITAT, Urban Transport Section 1
UN-HABITAT mandate and focus United Nations agency for the built environment focusing on inclusive, greener, safer and more efficient i cities Lead agency for MDG 7 target on improving living conditions of slum dwellers 2 New urban planning, including mobility and energy among UN- Habitat s priorities
Context: Global Variances in Urban Growth In the North, almost half of the cities are declining In the South, more than half of cities are growing very fast Developing World cities grow 10 times faster 100% 2% 5% 90% 11% Urban 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 42% Growth by Region 16% 35% 22% Dhaka will take 12 years to absorb + 8 M people New York took nearly 150 years Accelerated growth (+4% ) Rapid growth (2-4% ) Moderate (1-2%) 20% 40% Slow (0-1%) 17% 10% 0% 10% Decline (-0%) Developed Countries Developing Countries Source: UN-HABITAT 3
Global CO2 Emissions territory size shows the proportion of carbon dioxide emissions in 2000 that were directly from there Source: http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=295 4
Environmental Challenges of Transport Projected total stock of light-duty vehicles by region 2000-50 Projected Incremental Oil Demand by Sector 2006-30 Source: GEF/WBCSD 2004 Source: GEF/IEA 2008 5
Development Patterns and Vehicle Miles Travelled Findings of a recent 2009 US-TRB Report on Driving and Built Environment : Developing more compactly. i.e. at higher residential and employment densities, is likely to reduce VMT: doubling residential density across a metropolitan area might lower household VMT by about 5 to 12 percent, reductions as much as 25 percent possible if coupled with higher employment concentrations, significant public transit improvements, mixed uses, and other supportive demand management measures Comparison of cities environmental footprint Source: Siemens/McKinsey 2008 6
Community Design and Travel Needs 100% Alternative Community Designs and Mode Share 7 80% 60% Transit 40% 20% 0% 9.8 Daily 13.3 Daily 21.8 Daily Veh. miles Veh. miles Veh. miles Per Capita Per Capita Per Capita Grood transit & mixed land use Good transit only Remainder of region Residents of neighborhoods with good transit service and land use mix drive about half as much, and walk, bike and use public about four times as much, as residents of conventional, automobile-dependent suburban communities (Example from Portland, Oregon/USA) Bike Walk Auto Source: Ohland and Poticha 2006 in Littman
Sustainable Urban Mobility the range of interventions Linking transportation to urban planning to reduce motorized trips Expand non-motorized transport infrastructure Establish effective public transport systems More efficient vehicle and alternative fuel technologies Mobility Management and IT for integrated efficient mobility solutions 8
Sustainable Urban Mobility technical measures towards sound analysis of the range of options available Source: Siemens 2008 9
Linking land use planning and public transport Residential areas within 300m of a light-rail stop in Freiburg/ Germany Source: City of Freiburg, in: Pucher/ Buehler 10
Towards more compact Urban Development Spatial development indicators: 5 Ds : Density: of population/employment by geographic unit Diversity: mix and balance of land uses Design: neighborhood/street layout: connectivity, presence of sidewalks Destination accessibility: Ease or convenience of trip destinations from point of origin Distance to transit: Ease of access to transit from home or work (e.g. bus or rail stop within ¼ to ½ mile of trip origin) 11 Source: TRB Special Report 298 (US)/Cervero and Kockelman http://www.ecolup.info/
Integrated Planning at Community Level Eco-Cell concept: integrating different land uses within a modular 400m by 400m grid, basis for neighbourhoods, h districts, and urban centres Source: http://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/masterplan.htm 12
Progress is possible across the Globe Compact cities (linking planning and transport), e.g. Eco-cell in Tianjin Eco-City, China Many cities worldwide are promoting non-motorized transport, using less space and fewer resources Emission reduction trough enhanced public transport, e.g. the introduction of BRT Lite system in Lagos, Nigeria i reduced d carbon dioxide id by 13 % and green house gas (GHG) emissions by 20 % First line of Cairo's subway (4 lines in total) serves 33 stations with an hourly 60,000 passenger capacity per direction Comprehensive e e public transport investments in Istanbul 13
UN-Habitat taking action Sustainable Transport Solutions for East African Cities Technical assistance and institutional support for the development of a comprehensive sustainable metropolitan transport system in Addis Ababa, Kampala and Nairobi Planning and detailed design for implementation of a demonstration corridor in Addis Ababa, Kampala and Nairobi, featuring BRT, NMT and TDM measures Feasibility of application of clean p p vehicles and fuel technology initiatives in Addis Ababa, Kampala Addis and dnairobi Ababa Regional capacity building, awareness raising and networking Expected Impacts of BRT on Emission Reductions (tons CO2e per year- average ) -34,411 Kampala - 48,175 Nairobi -50,596 Average emissions over a twenty year study period, 2015-2035