Agronomy of barley and barley varieties

Agronomy of barley and barley varieties Blakely Paynter Department of Agriculture and Food 25 Feb 2013

Making agronomic choices Planting density Powdery mildew management Barley variety

Seeding rate in barley What is the optimum seeding rate (Popt)? 41 plants/m 2 99 plants/m 2 220 plants/m 2 377 plants/m 2 Using field trials to estimate Popt Develop a tool to assist with decisions on how much seed to plant in the ground Source: 2012 Barley agronomy 12NO24.

Rainfall and seeding + 90 mm + 160 mm + 40 mm + 0 mm rate 350 Cumulative rainfall since seeding (mm) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 + 0 mm + 40 mm + 90 mm + 160 mm 20- May 03- Jun 17- Jun 01- Jul 15- Jul 29- Jul 12- Aug 26- Aug 09- Sep 23- Sep 07- Oct 21- Oct 04- Nov Date

Grain yield response 20,000 +0 mm + 40 mm + 90 mm + 160 mm 4,000 +0 mm + 40 mm + 90 mm + 160 mm 18,000 3,500 Grain number (grains/m 2 ) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Grain yield (kg/ha) 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 0 100 200 300 400 0 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Yield potential What we yielded Source: 2012 Barley agronomy 12MR16.

Grain yield response Grain yield (kg/ha) 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 0.5 kg/ha/plant 1.5 kg/ha/plant 2.5 kg/ha/plant + 90 mm + 160 mm 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Fitted non-linear curves using replicate data Point of inflection (kg/ha/plant established) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Irrigation Plant density (plants/m 2 ) at Popt +0 mm 66 66 66 66 66 +40 mm 68 68 68 68 68 +90 mm 89 98 109 124 146 +160 mm 123 132 142 154 169 Popt increased as the yield potential increased

Grain yield response Grain yield (kg/ha) 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Merredin York.T1 York.T2 Cunderdin WHRS.T1 WHRS.T2 Walebing.0N Walebing.30N Walebing.90N 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Seed rate was significant (p<0.001) at all sites but Merredin Source: 2012 Barley agronomy. Data average of 7 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Grange, IGB1101 and Wimmera.

Grain yield response Grain yield (kg/ha) 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Merredin York.T1 York.T2 Cunderdin WHRS.T1 WHRS.T2 Walebing.0N Walebing.30N Walebing.90N Over 43 trials (2005-2012): plant establishment from 50-80 to 220-270 plants/m 2 grain yield by: +83 kg/ha in lower rainfall trials 0 +344 0 kg/ha 100 in medium-high 200 300 rainfall 400 trials Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Seed rate was significant (p<0.001) at all sites but Merredin Source: 2012 Barley agronomy. Data average of 7 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Grange, IGB1101 and Wimmera.

Grain yield response Optimum plant density (plants/m 2 ) 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 0.5 kg/ha/plant 1.0 kg/ha/plant 1.5 kg/ha/plant 2.0 kg/ha/plant 2.5 kg/ha/plant 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Popt increased as the yield potential of the site increased in 2012 Popt varies according to the rate of return you are seeking Site yield (kg/ha) Source: 2012 Barley agronomy. Data average of 7 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Grange, IGB1101 and Wimmera.

Screenings response Screenings (% < 2.5 mm) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Merredin York.T1 York.T2 Cunderdin WHRS.T1 WHRS.T2 Walebing.0N Walebing.30N Walebing.90N 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Seed rate was significant (p<0.001) at all sites but Merredin and Walebing Actual change relatively small Source: 2012 Barley agronomy. Data average of 7 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Grange, IGB1101 and Wimmera.

Screenings response Screenings (% < 2.5 mm) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Merredin York.T1 York.T2 Cunderdin WHRS.T1 WHRS.T2 Walebing.0N Walebing.30N Walebing.90N Over 43 trials (2005-2012): plant establishment from 50-80 to 220-270 plants/m 2 screenings by: +3% in lower rainfall trials +3% in medium-high rainfall trials 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Seed rate was significant (p<0.001) at all sites but Merredin and Walebing Actual change relatively small Source: 2012 Barley agronomy. Data average of 7 varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Flinders, Grange, IGB1101 and Wimmera.

Seeding rate in barley Across 43 trials, as seed rate increased: Grain yield in 86% of trials ( in only 5% of trials) varieties reacted similarly in 77% of trials Screenings in 71% of trials ( in only 2% of trials) varieties reacted similarly in 55% of trials In 2012, Popt increased as site yield increased Next step - development of the seed rate tool

Powdery mildew fungicide resistance More than one mutation detected Seed protection: fluquinconazole still effective (use with VS and S varieties) don t use flutriafol or triadimenol (no longer effective) Foliar protection: spray these effective fungicides only once (rotate) - Amistar Xtra, Opera, Opus, Prosaro and Tilt Xtra spray before 5% laa (preventative not curative) don t spray tebuconazole or triadimefon (no longer effective) New actives being assessed: spiroxamine very effective (but mildew only control)

Powdery mildew varietal resistance Amount of inoculum decreasing as we move away from susceptible varieties Try not to plant VS or S rated varieties Virulence on major Ml genes has been detected Varietal resistance still exists: variety reactions may vary from paddock to paddock active mildew detected on MR-MS, MR and R varieties should be sent to ACNFP at Curtin University Varieties with durable resistance (mlo) coming

Powdery mildew varietal resistance Percent of barley area (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% VS + S MS + MR-MS MR + R 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013f Season Varietal resistance to powdery mildew MS MR-MS MR R Bass Commander Buloke Barque Hindmarsh Fleet Scope Dash Roe Lockyer Grange Skiff Yagan Henley Oxford Westminster Source: Barley variety popularity - CBH Operations. Disease Sanjiv Gupta and Jason Bradley.

Which barley variety will you plant? Percent of barley area (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% MALT MALT_NEW NEW_2013 FOOD FEED 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013f Season Hindmarsh is the Mace of barley It will be planted everywhere in 2013 Can it be beaten? What is around the corner? Source: CBH Operations.

Feed barley competitors Relative to Buloke (kg/ha) +400 +200 +0-200 -400-600 -800 Fleet Hindmarsh Lockyer Mundah Roe 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Grain yield - Buloke - (kg/ha) Barley variety options: < 3.5 t/ha = Hindmarsh Variety Scald NTNB STNB PM BYDV BLR Dash R MR-MS S R S R Hindmarsh MR-MS MS S MS S S Lockyer MR-MS MR-MS S MR-MS S S Oxford MS MR S R MRp R Source: Grain yield - 225 observations: 2006-2008 CVT, 2008-2012 NVT, 2007-2011 Barley Agronomy. Disease Sanjiv Gupta and Jason Bradley. (Fleet - if there is a BLR risk) > 3.5 t/ha = Dash, Lockyer and Oxford

Malting barley competitors Relative to Baudin (kg/ha) +500 Bass Buloke Commander Hindmarsh Vlamingh +400 +300 +200 +100 +0-100 -200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Grain yield - Baudin - (kg/ha) Barley variety options: < 2.5 t/ha = Hindmarsh 2.5-3.5 t/ha = malt premium & cost to grow decide which > 3.5 t/ha = Bass, Buloke and Commander Variety Scald NTNB STNB PM BYDV BLR Bass MR-MS MSp S MS MR MR* Buloke MS MR-MS MS MR MR-MS S Commander MS-S S MS-S MR-MS - Sp Hindmarsh MR-MS MS S MS S S Source: Grain yield - 254 observations: 2005, 2008 CVT, 2009, 2010, 2012 NVT, 2007-2012 Barley Agronomy. Disease Sanjiv Gupta and Jason Bradley.

Malting barley competitors Bass New to the market (so unknown market demand) (time) Reasonable agronomic package with plump grain Better disease profile than Baudin but.. Commander Strong domestic demand from Joe White Maltings Growing international demand for grain Watch out for straw strength under high yields

Potential new options Relative to Baudin (kg/ha) +600 Buloke Grange Henley Hindmarsh Vlamingh +500 +400 +300 +200 +100 +0-100 -200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Grain yield - Baudin - (kg/ha) Variety Scald NTNB STNB PM BYDV BLR Grange S MR-MS S R MRp R-MR Henley S MR-MS S R MRp R Hindmarsh MR-MS MS S MS S S Scope MS MR-MS S MR - S Source: Grain yield - 119 observations: 2009, 2010, 2012 NVT, 2010-2012 Barley Agronomy. Disease Sanjiv Gupta and Jason Bradley. Barley variety options: < 2.5 t/ha = Hindmarsh 2.5-3.5 t/ha = malt premium & cost to grow decide which > 3.5 t/ha = Grange, Henley and Scope

Potential new options Grange If accredited, will undergo full market development (time) Great agronomic package and high yielding Durable PM resistance and APR for BLR Henley If accredited, old variety, but new to market from Australia Potential issues: head loss, hectolitre weight Durable PM resistance and APR for BLR

Potential new options Scope If accredited, need to undergo market development (time) Scope = Buloke in the paddock except weed control Is becoming a tool in fighting brome and barley grass

Which barley variety will you plant? Malting premium ($/t) $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 Feed price ($/t) Equivalent yield of Hindmarsh barley (%) to return the same profit as 1 t of malting barley $100 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% $120 4% 8% 13% 17% 21% 25% 29% 33% 38% 42% $140 4% 7% 11% 14% 18% 21% 25% 29% 32% 36% $160 3% 6% 9% 13% 16% 19% 22% 25% 28% 31% $180 3% 6% 8% 11% 14% 17% 19% 22% 25% 28% $200 2% 5% 8% 10% 13% 15% 18% 20% 23% 25% $220 2% 5% 7% 9% 11% 14% 16% 18% 20% 23% $240 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 13% 15% 17% 19% 21% $260 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 13% 15% 17% 19% $280 2% 4% 5% 7% 9% 11% 13% 14% 16% 18% $300 2% 3% 5% 7% 8% 10% 12% 13% 15% 17% Example #1 Example #2 Premiums and costs Grade $/t malt % $/t Grade $/t malt % $/t Premium over feed barley Malt $20 50% $10 Malt $50 60% $30 Extra cost to grow for malt & deliver $5 $3 Premium for Hindmarsh Food $5 40% $2 Food $5 40% $2 REALISED PREMIUM $3 REALISED PREMIUM $25

Key messages Sow more seed to get more yield Powdery mildew is still a major issue until we get: new modes of action, and more durable resistance in our varieties There are other varieties other than Hindmarsh: Hindmarsh will dominate plantings where yields < 2.5 t/ha Bass, Commander, Grange* and Henley* are all viable competitors where malting barley grows best IWM and weeds will drive the adoption of Scope *subject to accreditation decision should be known by mid March New factsheet coming

Questions? Thanks to the following contributors to this presentation: - Agronomy RO: Andrea Hills, Raj Malik - Agronomy TO: Sue Cartledge, Aidan Sinnott, Bruce Simmonds, casuals - DAFWA and Murdoch pathologists, ACNFP at Curtin - DAFWA Research Support Units - Barley breeding companies and NVT Funders: DAFWA and GRDC (DAW00148, 00190 and 00224)

Grain quality +5 Bass Buloke Commander Grange Henley Hindmarsh Vlamingh +5 +4 Bass Buloke Commander Grange Henley Hindmarsh Vlamingh Relative to Baudin (%) +0-5 -10-15 0 10 20 30 40 50 Relative to Baudin (kg/hl) +3 +2 +1 +0-1 -2 56 60 64 68 72 76 80-3 -20 Screenings - Baudin - (% < 2.5 mm) -4 Hectolitre weight - Baudin - (kg/hl) Source: Grain yield - 119 observations: 2009, 2010, 2012 NVT, 2010-2012 Barley Agronomy. Disease Sanjiv Gupta and Jason Bradley.

Screenings response Screenings (% < 2. 5mm) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 +0 mm + 40 mm + 90 mm + 160 mm Popt @ 1.5 kg/ha/plant established 0 100 200 300 400 Plant establishment (plants/m 2 ) Point of inflection (kg/ha/plant established) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Irrigation Screenings (% < 2. 5mm) at Popt +0 mm 48 48 48 48 48 +40 mm 19 19 19 19 19 +90 mm 7 7 8 8 10 +160 mm 6 6 6 6 7 Source: 2012 Barley agronomy 12MR16.