Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure

WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 2010

General Sanitation Overview... JMP s definition of basic sanitation Add WATER USAID adopted UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation s definition on sanitation: Sustainable access to safe, hygienic, and convenient facilities and services for excreta and sullage disposal that provide privacy and dignity, while at the same time ensuring a clean and healthful living environment both at home and in the neighborhood of users Water Supply

Drinking water: Treatment concepts Treat to address: Solids taste, odor, color, and pathogens Disinfection pathogens Dissolved constituents minerals and chemicals IMAGE/FIGURE

Sources and Water Demand Supply Groundwater Surface water Domestic Multiple use systems

Water Supply Household Water Treatment Options Chlorination Ceramic filtration Biosand filtration Solar/SODIS Boiling Combined flocculentdisinfectant

Water Supply Reservoirs Multiple use systems Sources of pollution Household treatment

Hand Pumps Water Supply Lift Robust Available Easy to operate and maintain

Foot Pumps

Water Supply Motorized Pumps Lift Flow rate Power source Robust Availability Easy to operate and maintain

Chlorination UV Modular membrane systems Drinking water: Medium-sized treatment options

Drinking water: Large scale treatment options Source: American Chemistry Council

Drinking water: State-of-the-art treatment Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination Direct-potable water reuse Source: Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures Source: water-technology.net

Sanitation

Marine Dead Zones

Sanitation Capture and Storage Transport or wastewater conveyance Treatment Reuse

Open Defecation: 16% Sanitation of global population

No Toilet, No Bride The "No Toilet, No Bride communications campaign started about two years ago and has resulted in 1.4 million latrines being built. Quotes from young men: "I will have to work hard to afford a toilet. We won't get any bride if we don't have one now, "I won't be offended when the woman I like asks for a toilet."

Simple pit latrine Sanitation

Pit Latrine

Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine in primary school Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine

Handwashing options

Ecological Sanitation Urine-diverting toilet Composting toilet

Sanitation Flush toilet connected to septic tank

Sanitation Community sanitation facilities with septic system

Vacutug

Wastewater treatment plant: Conventional Activated Sludge

Wastewater treatment plant: Constructed wetlands and ponds Constructed wetland Source: Italy Parks Waste stabilization ponds (aerated or non-aerated) Source: BEFCO

Wastewater treatment plant: Fixed film & energy capture processes Small-scale biodigester in the Philippines Source: Designed and built by Gerry Baron Trickling filter in Beddgelert, UK Source: Wikimedia Medium-scale biodigester in California Source: University of California-Davis and The Propane Education & Research Council

Liquids Discharge to water body, land application Direct/Indirect potable reuse Industrial reuse Fish ponds Fertilizer and fertigation Treated wastewater and biosolids: Disposal and reuse Solids Landfill Soil amendment and fertilizer Artificial wetland and other structures Waste-to-energy Petra National Trust (Jordan) University of Arizona

Sustainability Social/Technical Financial Institutional Broken hand pump Malawi Overflowing porta-potty Haiti Broken water distribution Suriname Photo credits: Allegra da Silva http://abengcentral.wordpress.co m/2009/12/21/tabiki-2/ www.waterwellness.ca

Sustainability Activity Activity timeline: Assign teams 15 min: case study videos Play pumps Sanitation entrepreneurs 15 min: discuss sustainability issues in small teams 15 min: read-out from teams (2 min each) and plenary discussion Wrap-up Sustainability Teams: 1. Social/Technical 2. Financial 3. Institutional A. What was good/bad regarding your sustainability category? give 3 B. What could be done to improve sustainability in these 3 areas?

Summary and Conclusions Not just hardware Large range of technology options and changing Environment and human health

Thank you! Marc Andreini mandreini@usaid.gov Jay Graham jgraham@usaid.gov Allegra da Silva adasilva@usaid.gov