Name DNA RNA Review Worksheet Date 1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid 2. What is DNA s primary function? - Provides a pattern for protein manufacture - Provides a pattern for replication 3. What are the subunits called that make up DNA? nucleotides 4. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide. Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, nitrogenous base 5. Sketch and label a DNA nucleotide. Include 3 and 5 5... S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P backbone C A T T A G C nitrogenous complimentary G T A A T C G to each other 3 P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S backbone 6. Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA. Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine 7. What is the difference between a purine & a pyrimidine? Purine - double ring Pyrimidine single ring 8. Name the 2 purines. Adenine and guanine 9. Name 3 pyrimidines. (2 from DNA, one from RNA) Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA)
10.Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule & in what year was this done? Watson and Crick 1953 11. The model of DNA is known as a _double helix because it is composed of two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other. 12. What makes up the sides "backbone" of a DNA molecule? Sugars and phosphates 13. What makes up the "steps/rungs" of a DNA molecule? Nitrogenous bases 14. How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins contribute to determining the structure of DNA? They used x-rays to create a diffraction picture 15. What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Are they strong or weak bonds? Hydrogen - weak 16. On DNA, a purine base will always pair with a pyrimidine base. 17. Name the complementary base pairs on DNA. Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine 18. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself? For the cell to divide and have the correct amount of DNA in each new cell, the DNA must be replicated. 19. Define DNA replication. Making new halves from old halves so the DNA is duplicated 20. What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication? The DNA must unwind and unzip 21. What is the present name given to the mechanism of replication indicating each DNA has one old strand and one new strand? Semi-conservative
22. What acts as the template in DNA replication? The original strand of DNA 23. What enzyme helps separate the 2 strands of nucleotides on DNA? What bonds do they break? Helicase hydrogen bonds 24. What is the function of DNA polymerase? Guides new nucleotides into the proper locations 25. What two other enzymes (that we learned about) are involved in the process of DNA replication Primase adds RNA primers on both leading and lagging Ligase glues the backbones of sugars and phosphates together after the RNA primers are removed 26. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A G G C T A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA? TCC GAT 27. Why does DNA replication take place at many places on the molecule simultaneously? Its faster or more time efficient 28. When replication is complete, how do the 2 new DNA molecules compare to each other and to the original DNA molecule? They are identical unless a mutation occurs in the replication process. 29. Either sketch & label a diagram or describe in words - the steps in DNA replication See the notes
DNA Replication: Use your understanding of DNA replication to solve the questions below. 30. The diagram below shows DNA replication. a. In area A, match the missing DNA bases from the strand given. GCGCAATGGT starting at the bottom b. Name the enzyme that will separate the DNA strands in area A. Helicase c. In area B, perform replication and fill in the two new strands of DNA. Name the enzymes involved d. Name the enzyme that will reconnect the DNA bases in area B between replicated pieces. Ligase e. After filling in the correct DNA bases in area B, are the two strand of DNA identical? YES NO Transcription: Use your understanding of transcription to answer the questions below. 31. Define TRANSCRIPTION: The template unzips in a small section. RNA polymerase copies the DNA to make m-rna. The m- RNA is released and exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore 32. Name the four RNA bases. a. Cytosine c. Adenine b. Guanine d. Uracil 33. Fill in the RNA bases from the given DNA bases. UUAGGCGAUC
34. Fill in the DNA bases from the given RNA bases. AGCATGGTAA 35. Fill in the missing bases from the strands of DNA and RNA. ATCACGATTA UAGUGCUAAU 36. Examine #35. Is the top strand a piece of DNA or RNA? Explain your answer. The top strand is DNA it contains T Thymine which isn t present in RNA 37. Explain the process of transcription and translation See your notes 38. Describe how the types of point mutations discussed in class are different. Silent, Mis-sense, Non-sense, Frameshift Silent usually the third base is changed no change occurs in the amino acid chain Mis-sense usually the first or second base is changed one amino acid is changed Non-sense usually a change occurs that places a stop or start in the wrong place. Frameshift a base is added or deleted all the amino acids from that point on are incorrect
Vocabulary Matching: Choose the best work to match the definition. Place the letter on the line provided. J 1. Organisms that contain functional DNA A. Restriction enzymes H 2. Mapping of all the human genes B. Gene therapy E 3. Professional who helps couples C. Gene splicing determine their chances of having a baby with a genetic defect K 4. Carries foreign gene into host cell D. Recombinant DNA I 5. Unpaired bases at the end of the cut DNA E. Genetic counselor G 6. Genetically identical copies F. plasmid B 7. Replacing a defective gene with a normal G. Gene cloning gene F 8. Ring of bacterial DNA H. Human Genome Project A 9. Able to cut DNA I. Sticky ends D 10. DNA from two different organisms J. Transgenic organism (GMO) C 11. Rejoining cut fragments of DNA K. Vector Completion: Please answer the following questions with detailed responses! 1. Explain the 3 steps used to create a transgenic organism. a. restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are used to cut and leave sticky ends on the donor and recipient b. the piece that is cut out of the donor is injected into the recipient cell c. ligase attaches the ends of the backbone to each other 2. What are two types of vectors used in recombinant DNA experiments? List an example of each. Retrovirus a virus with DNA injected into it. It s used because viruses have the ability to inject their DNA into other cells. p. 660 Bacterial plasmid Actificial Chromosomes p. 660 3. What was the name of the first cloned organism? Dolly a sheep