Technologies for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Nitrogen Removal from Sludge Dewatering Liquor
For every 1 mil. gal. of water treated: 330 lbs. N Primary Settler Primary Sludge (30 lbs. N) Waste Activated Sludge (140 lbs. N) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 2
Anaerobic digestion Sludge Primary Thickener Settler Anaerobic Digester N = 300 to 1,000 mg/l ~10% of influent load Cake Sludge Dewatering March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 3
Anaerobic digestion + imported sludge Sludge Primary Thickener Settler Anaerobic Digester N x 23 1 Cake Sludge Dewatering March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 4
Anaerobic digestion + solids pretreatment Sludge Primary Thickener Settler Anaerobic Digester N = 1,500 to 3,000 mg/l Cake Sludge Dewatering March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 5
Reject Water Handling Alternatives Do Nothing Export Attenuate Treat Integrated treatment Separate treatment March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 6
Do Nothing Reject Water RAS WAS March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 7
Boulder 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Facility Source: Fevig, et al, Centrate Equalization What You Don t Control Can Hurt You WEFTEC 2011.
Export Regional districts w/ multiple plants To less sensitive watersheds To underloaded facility with capacity to handle additional solids New York City
Attenuation Flow equalization Continuous operation Stand-alone or incorporated with treatment
Source: Brown and Caldwell (1979) Equalization of flow in Wastewater Treatment. Report prepared for the US EPA, EPA-600/2-79-096.
Don t Reject the Idea of Treating Reject Water* Highly Concentrated - Small tank volumes Warm Short SRT s Bioaugmentation - Stable off-line source to boost main-stream SRT *Janus, H.M., and vanderroest, H.F. (1997). Don't reject the idea of treating reject water. Wat. Sci. Tech. 35 (10)27-34. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 12
Integrated Treatment in-line 1 - f f RAS March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 13
Integrated Treatment off-line Nitrate to Headworks March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 14
Integrated Treatment: in-line Full-scale facility NYC 26 th Ward WPCP Los Angeles Valencia WRP Appleton, WI WWTP Inland Empire Carbon Canyon Lincoln, NE WTF Capacity (mgd) Process Drivers 85 AT-3 15 - Effluent Total Nitrogen, centralized solids handling (bioaugmentation) Effluent Total Nitrogen, centralized solids handling 15.7 BAR Effluent Ammonia (bioaugmentation) 9.5 Carbon Canyon TIN bubble permit 24 Prenitrification Effluent Ammonia (bioaugmentation) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 15
Lincoln, NE Theresa St. WWTF Source: Sova, R. et al, WEFTEC 2008. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 16
Lincoln, NE Theresa St. WWTF March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 17
Solution: Prenitrification of Filtrate Alkalinity from RAS Increased temperature + 20% growth rate Enriched source of nitrifiers to increase effective SRT in main-stream Up to 82% removal demonstrated at 10% to 100% RAS (HRT = 10.5 to 3.2 hours) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 18
Integrated treatment: off-line Full-scale Facility Phoenix 91 st Ave. Multi-Cities WWTP Winnipeg, Canada North End WPCC Dallas Southside WWTP Richmond, VA WWTP Muncie, IN WPCF Capacity (mgd) Process Drivers 230 Activated Sludge (flow-through) 53 SBR 110 Activated Sludge (flow-through) 80 In-Nitri 24 Activated Sludge (flow-through) Digester Upgrade, Effluent Total Nitrogen, odor control Centralized solids handling, Effluent Ammonia & Total Nitrogen (Bioaug./cold) Centralized solids handling Effluent Total Nitrogen (Bioaug./storm-cold) Effluent Ammonia March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 19
Phoenix 91 st Ave. Multi-Cities WWTP Upgrade to multi-phase digestion 1,300 mg NH 3 -N/L (27% of PE) 10 mg / L Total N effluent permit limit. H 2 S emission limit at property line March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 20
91 st Ave. Multi-Cities Centrate Treatment Facility Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 21
Solution: nitrify centrate to reduce recycle ammonia load March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 22
40 36 91st Avenue Multi-Cities WWTP Raw Vs. Pri Effl Ammonia (mg/l) CTF on-line 03/24/08 32 28 24 20 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Raw Ammonia (mg/l) Primary Effluent Ammonia (mg/l) H: 91 Monthly Averages.xls Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 23
Gaseous H 2 S, ppm Solution: Discharge to headworks 45 to oxidize sulfides 40 35 Centrate Treatment Off Average H 2 S - 12 ppm Maximum H 2 S - 32 ppm Centrate Treatment On Average H 2 S - 6 ppm Maximum H 2 S - 21 ppm 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Time Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 24
Separate Treatment Full-scale Facility Capacity (mgd) Process NYC Ward s Island 230 SHARON HRSD York River Treatment Plant 15 DEMON ASA, Alexandria, VA 54 DEMON NYC 26 th Ward 85 ARP Drivers Total Nitrogen TMDL (Long Island Sound), centralized solids handling Total Nitrogen TMDL (Chesapeake Bay) Total Nitrogen TMDL (Chesapeake Bay) NYCDEP Nitrogen Control Plan (Jamaica Bay), centralized solids handling March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 25
1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Aerobic 25% O 2 40% Carbon Anoxic 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 75% O 2 60% Carbon 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4+ ) Nitrification / Denitrification 1/2 mole Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 26
1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Aerobic 25% O 2 40% Carbon Anoxic 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 75% O 2 60% Carbon 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4+ ) Nitritation / Denitritation 1/2 mole Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 27
Nitrogen removal over nitrite Temperature D.O. ph March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 28
Nitritation-Denitritation Continuous / no sludge retention (SHARON ) - 13 facilities SBR (B.A.B.E., STRASS) 2 facilities North America 1 SHARON (NYC) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 29
MeOH SHARON configurations Complete Mix Plug Flow Concentric March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 30
WWTP Zwolle (NL) SHARON reactors 200,000 p.e. 160,000 gpd / 900 lbs. N / day 2 reactors -238,000 gal. / 119,000 gal. Source: Mulder, J.W., Duin, J., et al, Full-scale experience with the SHARON process through the March eyes 20, 2012 of the operators, WEFTEC 2006. WATERCON 2012 31
SHARON operation Source: Mulder, J.W., Duin, J., et al, Full-scale experience with the SHARON process through the March eyes 20, 2012 of the operators, WEFTEC 2006. WATERCON 2012 32
Aerobic 25% O 2 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Deammonification 40% Carbon Anoxic 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 75% O 2 60% Carbon 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4+ ) Anaerobic 1/2 mole Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 33
Deammonification SBR (DEMON ) 11 facilities MBBR 2 facilities Upflow granulation 7 facilities North America 2 (under construction) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 34
Alexandria Sanitation Authority AWTF Source: Johnson, T, et al, A Universal SBR Design Concept for Sidestream Nitrogen Removal, North Carolina AWWA-WEA 2010 Annual Conference.
WWTP Strass, Austria Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 36
DEMON Operation Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 37
DEMON energy Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 38
Ammonia Stripping Air stripping 8 facilities Steam stripping 1 facility Vacuum distillation (ARP) 1 (under construction) March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 39
ARP Courtesy of ThermoEnergy Corporation March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 40
Costs Process Capital Cost N removed (lbs./day) SHARON - NYC $71.5 million 10,000 Integrated Treatment - Winnipeg $25 million 3,000 ARP - NYC $27 million 6,600 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 41
Robert Smith, P.E., BCEE, Ph.D. rocsmith@juno.com March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 42