International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1851 1859 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_211 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING MICRO SILICA AND FLY ASH IN PRODUCTION OF COCONUT SHELL CONCRETE S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India K. Gunasekaran Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, S RM University, Chennai, India A. Jothiswaran Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India ABSTRACT Replacement of conventional methods with appropriate alternatives has been the current addition to the research and development in obtaining a greater sustainable future. The cost of the materials tends to be a major obstacle in the construction industry necessitating the development of low cost effective material. Reutilizing the waste, given the rate of production, is considered the optimal solution to all the problems. This paper reports the experimental investigation of using crushed, granular particles of coconut shell replacing the conventional coarse aggregates in the matrix. In addition to this control, micro silica and fly ash fibers were added replacing the cementitious material in the coconut shell matrix at respective percentiles. Enhancement of durability and efficiency of the replaced specimen is monitored under various characteristic loads. The cement is replaced at 5, 10, 15 and 20%, and the strength variations are studied and graphically plotted. Addition of high-volume fly ash in matrix has been th current trend in developing a sustainable and more efficient than conventional used. This study reflects as a pivotal point in utilizing the waste generated and attaining durable product by suitable replacements. Key words: Sustainable, Durability, Low-Cost Housing, Reutilizing, High Volume Fly Ash Concrete http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1851 editor@iaeme.com
S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel, K. Gunasekaran and A. Jothiswaran Cite this Article: S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel, K. Gunasekaran and A. Jothiswaran, An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Micro Silica and Fly Ash In Production of Coconut Shell Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1851-1859 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=4 1. INTRODUCTION Concrete, the most composite material after water is a comprising appropriate proportion of aggregates, cement and water. About 7.23 billion tons of is produced every year and the rate of producing the is increasing every day due to high growth of infrastructure development and construction demand around the globe. Production of demands its production of constituents like aggregates, cement, water and other admixtures. There is a rapid increase in demand of natural aggregate which makes the use of conventional aggregates uneconomical. Replacement of conventional blue metal aggregate with alternatives generated from waste in the matrix adds to effective waste management thereby adding to the integrity towards sustainability. India with 1.78 million hectares for coconut production is the third largest producer of coconut in this planet. However, it is also the main contributor to the nation's pollution problem as a solid waste in the form of shells, which involves an annual productivity of approximately 3.18 million ton. The quantity of waste production in quite high in developing countries, the current situation demands effective reutilization of waste materials. This paper examines properties of steel and plastic fibers and to develop mix design in coconut shell cement and analyze the behavior of different structural elements under static loading. This paper investigates the utilization of coconut shell in crushed and granular form replacing the coarse aggregate in the matrix. The effect of tensile strength of is monitored with addition of adding micro silica and fly ash and effectively reutilizes the waste materials. 2. MATERIALS USED 2.1. Cement Ordinary Portland cement of grade 53 conforming to IS 8112-1989 was used. This cement exhibits greater strength and durability to the building structures due to its crystalline structure and orientation of particles size. 2.2. Fine aggregate This study utilises natural river sand as fine aggregate along the matrix. The properties of sand were determined by conducting test per IS: 2386 (Part -1) and the specific gravity of the fine aggregate used is 2.61 and it indicates that the sand conforms to Zone II of IS383-1970. 2.3. Coarse aggregate The coarse aggregates passing through 20 mm and retained on 12.5 mm was used for this study and the properties were determined by conducting tests as per IS: 2386 (Part III). The specific gravity, aggregate crushing value and the impact value is found out to be 2.77, 18.90 and 30.23 respectively. 2.4. Coconut shell The coconut shell pieces obtained from waste are utilized for this study. The coconut shell was broken into pieces and dried using saturated surface dryness (SSD) technique. The shell pieces http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1852 editor@iaeme.com
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Micro Silica and Fly Ash In Production of Coconut Shell Concrete used were passed through 20 mm sieve and retained through 12.5 mm sieve. The specific gravity of the coconut pieces used was 1.33. 2.5. Micro silica Micro silica, generally termed as silica fume is a non crystalline form of silicon dioxide. It is a productive material in the specimen due its extreme fineness. Addition of appropriate quantities of silica fume in the matrix increases the compressive strength properties, resistance to abrasion and minimizing the permeability preventing the corrosion of steel reinforcement. 2.6. Fly ash Pulverized fly ash is one of the prime products of coal combustion products which is reutilized along the production of. With pozzolanic features of fly ash and cement are remarkably similar, it tends to be suitable replacement of cement as it increases the workability of the specimen. Recent studies reveal that a great amount of green house gas is minimized with optimum replacement of cement with Fly ash. 3. SEM ANALYSIS The surface topography and the nature of micro silica and fly ash used as fibres are observed and analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The material is subjected to electron beam from the microscope and the corresponding data are recorded. The elements with the micro silica and fly ash fibres were detected using a high end microscope at K-series along the gonio axis for specific time of 1.5 seconds. The observed data and the graphical plot of elements constituting the fibres are shown in the following sections. Figure 1 Results of SEM Analysis over Fly ash Fibres http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1853 editor@iaeme.com
S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel, K. Gunasekaran and A. Jothiswaran Figure 2 Results of SEM Analysis over Micro Silica Fibres 4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 4.1. Design mix The constituents of the mix were proportioned for a M-25 grade achieved through IS 10262:2009 coining to a ratio of 1:2.22:3.36 for control and 1:1.47:0.64 for coconut shell with a water cement ratio of 0.55 and 0.43 respectively. 4.2. Casting of specimen Preliminary tests such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength were carried out to determine the characteristics of conventional and with fly ash and micro silica replacements along with coconut shell particles. Concrete cubes, cylinders and beams were cast pertaining to the design mix with mould dimensions of 150 150 150 mm, 150X300mm in diameter, and 1500 150x230 mm respectively. 4.3. Curing of specimen The conventional specimens including the cube, cylinder and beam, were cured by normal ponding technique for 28 days to achieve the characteristic strength and the specimen with replacement of fly ash and micro silica fibres were subjected to aerated curing technique for monitoring the behaviour of the under test loads. 5. TESTING OF SPECIMEN 5.1. Compressive strength Test The conventional specimen and the specimen with replacement are tested under compressive loads and the results are documented at 3 rd, 7 th and 28 th day time intervals. The compressive strength of is computed as Compression Strength of = Load applied over the specimen Cross-sectional area of the specimen http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1854 editor@iaeme.com
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Micro Silica and Fly Ash In Production of Coconut Shell Concrete Figure 3 Compressive strength test 5.2. Split Tensile Strength Test The conventional specimen and the specimen with replacements are subjected to tensile loads and the load applied, the behaviour of and point of failure is documented. The splitting tensile strength is calculated using the formula, Fct = 2P π dl where, P - Load in Kilo newtons applied I - Length of the specimen d - Cross sectional dimension of the specimen Figure 4 Split tensile strength test 5.3. Flexural Strength test The deflection is determined by placing a deflectometer at the centre point of the beam specimen and the load is gradually increased. The yield load is identified and further increased at fixed intervals. The load at which the beam fails is recorded and the load deflection curve is plotted to find the curve. 6. TEST RESULTS 6.1. Compressive strength test results The specimen with coconut shell as aggregates and replacement of steel and plastic fibres were subjected to compressive test loads and the results were depicted graphically. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1855 editor@iaeme.com
S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel, K. Gunasekaran and A. Jothiswaran Duration Days Compression strength of control and coconut shell specimen (N/mm 2 ) Control Coconut shell Table 1 Compressive strength test results Compression strength of CS Concrete specimen with micro silica (N/mm 2 ) 5% M.S 10% M.S Compression strength of CS specimen with fly ash (N/mm 2 ) 3 rd day 19.7 13.6 13.2 9.8 11.5 9 12.2 15.2 9.3 11.8 7 th day 22.52 18.2 13.63 17.4 14 12.5 16.5 17.8 12.6 15.4 28 th day 33.4 26.3 26 25.1 18.3 14.1 26.2 25.8 20.5 20 15% M.S 20% M.S 5% F.A 10% F.A 15% F.A 20% F.A Figure 5 Graphical variation of compression strength test results 6.2. Split tensile strength test The split tensile strength results of the specimen of conventional and with replacements are shown below. Duration Days Split tensile strength ( N/mm 2 ) Coconut Control shell Table 2 Split tensile strength test results Split tensile strength of CS fly ash (N/mm 2 ) Split tensile strength of CS with micro silica (N/mm 2 ) 5% 10% 15% 20% 5% 10% 15% 20% 3 rd day 2.16 1.08 1.17 1.27 1.65 0.57 1.21 1.34 1.59 0.83 7 th day 3.59 2.10 1.84 1.59 1.75 1.05 1.97 1.69 1.71 1.17 28 th day 4.00 2.50 2.22 1.75 1.8 1.64 2.43 1.94 1.86 1.73 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1856 editor@iaeme.com
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Micro Silica and Fly Ash In Production of Coconut Shell Concrete Figure 6 Graphical variation of split tensile strength test results 6.3. Flexural strength test results The flexural strength test results of the specimen with replacement are shown below. Table 3 Flexural strength test results Duration Control and coconut shell specimen (N/mm 2 ) CS Concrete with fly ash (N/mm 2 ) CS Concrete with Micro Silica (N/mm 2) Days Control Coconut shell 5% 10% 15% 20% 5% 10% 15% 20% 3 rd day 2.5 2 3 4 2 1.5 3.7 4.1 2 1.78 7 th day 4 2.5 4 4.5 2.5 2 4.4 5.1 2.3 2.7 28 th day 7 4.5 5 4.75 3 2.5 5.4 4.91 3.7 2.76 Figure 7 Graphical variation of flexural strength test results http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1857 editor@iaeme.com
S. Prakash Chandar, S. Manivel, K. Gunasekaran and A. Jothiswaran 6.4. Load deflection Curve Table 4 Load-Deflection data for beam specimen Description Breaking Load (Ton) Deflection (mm) CC Coconut shell 5% FA 10% FA 15% FA 20% FA 5% MS 10% MS 15% MS 20% MS 19 17.6 16.8 15.6 14.8 15.6 17.5 17.2 17.6 16.8 10.5 10.38 10.06 7.36 8.49 8.10 10.48 10.44 10.49 10.15 Figure 8 Load Deflection Curve of CC and CSC with Fly Ash 7. CONCLUSION Figure 9 Load deflection Curve of CC & CSC with Micro silica The test results show a increase in the compressive strength of specimen with 10% replacement of micro silica and fly ash compared to other replacements at 15% and 20% respectively. The tensile strength of the specimen with 5% replacement of fly ash along with coconut shell particles is quite high when compared with 10%, 15% and 20% replacements respectively. With the addition of fly ash at 5% into the matrix, the flexural strength increases by 10% compared to other replacements. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1858 editor@iaeme.com
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Micro Silica and Fly Ash In Production of Coconut Shell Concrete The deflection of the reinforced beam with 10% addition of fly ash exhibits lesser deflection under test loads compared to the conventional beam and beam specimen with other replacements and the load-deflection behaviour is analysed graphically. REFERENCE [1] Transport Research Laboratory, A Review of Use of the waste materials and by products in road construction, Contractor report, 358, 1994. [2] E.A. Olanipekun, K.O. Olusola, O.Ata, (2006), a comparative study of properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates. Building and Environment, 41(3), PP 297-301. [3] K.Gunasekaran, P.S. Kumar, M. Lakshmipathy (2011) Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell, Construction and Building materials, 25(1), PP 92-98. [4] IS 516:1959 Method of test for strength of. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1859 editor@iaeme.com