headquarters BRF Kredit Architect: KHR A/S
presentation (1) BRF Kredit
presentation (2) BRF Kredit! BRF-kredit is a financing institute for property mortgages! The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres north of Copenhagen City.! The office building was completed in 1986! The main building has four storeys and incorporate an atrium! The building consists of a main building and three office blocks (block 2, 3 and 4)! The buildings are linked together! At the connection points between the buildings there are staircases and lifts
presentation (3) BRF Kredit N Office block 4 4 Main Main building building Office block 3 Office block 3 Office block 2 2 Main building Office block 2
presentation (4) BRF Kredit! The main building has four storeys and incorporate an atrium
presentation (5) BRF Kredit! Each office has a barrel-vaulted central arcade Rooms on the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd floors open onto this space! There is no access of daylight to the circulation area of the ground floor
presentation (6) sectional view Skylights The barrel -vaulted central arcade is open through 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd floor
presentation (7) BRF Kredit! Of the total floor area of 20.000 m 2 " 10.000 m 2 (50%) is offices and meeting rooms " 6.000 m 2 (30%) is circulation area " 4.000 m 2 is toilets, cloakrooms and service area! The structural components include " a vertical supporting system of reinforced concrete columns " reinforced concrete girders at the balconies " prefabricated facades! The facades have a brickwork finish! The windows have aluminium frames and are triple-glazed (standard float glass).! The windows in the skylights are double-glazed units
presentation (8 ) BRF Kredit! The facades have a brickwork finish! From the outside the building appears very compact and rather closed, but! from the inside it is very open and welcoming,due mainly to the large daylit circulation areas with skylights.
strategy (1) for summer comfort! In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: " High levels of natural ventilation. The ventilation is based on the occupants use of multi-position windows - so-called tilt and turn windows - in conjunction with the automatically skylights. " The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed). " When Tint. < 25 C the skylights are automatically opened at which point stack effects become one of the driving natural forces. " For security reasons all the windows on the ground floor and the 1 st floor must be closed at night. In this zone, the intensive ventilation is only used during day-time.! Automatically controlled external solar shading will help to reduce the risk of overheating from solar radiation.
DAYTIME strategy (2) for summer comfort Skylights: Automatically controlled windows (open when Tint.<25 C) and exterior shading devices Offices: Manually operated multiposition windows and automatically controlled exterior blinds
DAYTIME: skylights open strategy (3) for summer comfort
NIGHTTIME strategy (4) for summer comfort Offices: Manually operated multi-position windows and automatically controlled exterior blinds Windows can be left open Windows must be closed (for security reasons) Internal doors must be closed (for security reasons)
strategy (5) for indoor air quality! Indoor air quality during office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants: " Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows. " There is no automatic control related to the IAQ. In the offices there are manually operated multiposition windows (so-called tilt and turn windows) and
automatically controlled exterior Venetian blinds Technology (6) shading devices - offices In some offices the occupants have installed internal blinds
! Control: " The exterior Venetian blinds in front of the office windows are automatically controlled by light sensors. " The Venetian blinds can also be operated on an individual basis. However, after a given period the automatic control overrides any manual adjustments. After some time the position will be changed according to the automatic control system. " In addition to the up/down operation of the blinds the control system can set the angle of the slats to one or two positions according to the altitude of the sun.! Security: Technology (7) shading devices - offices " For security reasons the Venetian blinds will close automatically at 20.00 hours and remain fully closed at night. Even if the blinds are closed they do not impede the flow of outdoor air through an open window.
Technology (8) shading and ventilation - arcade rooms! The central arcades have automatically controlled skylights
Technology (9 ) shading and ventilation - arcade rooms Exterior shading device No shading! Temperatures in the roof-space are monitored and the skylights are opened accordingly.! The exterior shading is controlled with the aid of light sensors. There are individual light sensors for each of the four orientations of the skylights
Monitored offices BRF Kredit! Four offices on the third floor of office block 3 were chosen for : " Office 1: 25 m 2 cellular office " Office 2: 12 m 2 cellular office " Office 3: 12 m 2 cellular office " Office 4: 50 m 2 open plan office, 8 persons! Office 1, 2 and 3 are facing essentially east, office 4 is a corner office facing south-west N Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 4
Temperature ( C). (1) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during three months period 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Text. The internal temperatures is often > 25 C and sometimes > 28 C. Tint. 0 Mon 28.07.97 Mon 04.08.97 Mon 11.08.97 Mon 18.08.97 Mon 25.08.97 Mon 01.09.97 Mon 08.09.97 Mon 15.09.97 Mon 22.09.97 Mon 29.09.97
(2) results of measurements in office 2 BRF Kredit Temperature [ C], Air supply [l s -1 m -2 ] 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Wed 30.07.97 Tint. Thu 31.07.97 Fri 01.08.97 Text. Sat 02.08.97 Intensive ventilation is only applied during office hours (not at night and at weekends). Air Supply weekend Sun 03.08.97 Mon 04.08.97 Tue 05.08.97 Wed 06.08.97 Thu 07.08.97 Fri 08.08.97
Temperature ( C), Air supply (l.s -1.m -2 ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 (3) results of measurements in office 2 d 30.07.97 u 31.07.97 i 01.08.97 t 02.08.97 n 03.08.97 The IAQ during office hours is good: The CO 2 - concentrations are very low: max.450 ppm 500 (= far below the limit concentration of 1200ppm) CO 2 -conc. Air Supply n 04.08.97 e 05.08.97 d 06.08.97 Tint. The air supply during office hours is very high (intensive ventilation). This leads to low CO 2 - concentration. There is no ventilation outside office hours and at weekends for security reasons. u 07.08.97 i 08.08.97 400 300 200 100 0 CO 2 -concentration (ppm)
(4) Questionnaires In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100. The next slide summarises the occupants ratings of the summer season in general.
(5) Questionnaires Averages of about 100 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during the summer season Temperature Air Air movement Air quality Air quality Odour intensity Acceptability Light Noise Light Noise Overall comfort 0 20 40 60 80 100 Comfortable Comfortable Fresh Odourless Acceptable Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory 32 38 41 45 48 56 64 65 Uncomfortable Uncomfortable Stuffy Smelly Not acceptable Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory
(6 ) Findings! Thermal comfort: " During a three week period in the month of August, the indoor temperature (average of simultaneous recordings in four offices) was constantly above 25 C. On extreme days the indoor temperature peaked close to 30 C. " Lower temperatures could be achieved by introducing night time ventilation. The impact of this can be significant when external air temperatures are low.! The IAQ is good due to the intensive day ventilation.! Questionnaires: The occupants reported some dissatisfaction regarding the indoor temperature (being too high) and internal air movements (being too low).
Temperature ( C). (1) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during a two months period 30 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 Mon 10.11.97 Mon 17.11.97 Mon 24.11.97 Mon 01.12.97 Mon 08.12.97 Tint. The internal temperatures are between 20 and 23 C and drops to 17 C at weekends Text. Mon 15.12.97 Mon 22.12.97 Mon 29.12.97
CO concentration indoors and outdoors. Indoor CO 2 2 is averaged from recordings taken simultaneously in office 1, 2, 3 and 4) CO 2 -concentration (ppm) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 (2) CO 2 concentration Fri 14.11.97 The IAQ during office hours is good: The CO 2 - concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm. At weekend the internal CO 2 - concentration equals outdoor CO 2 - concentration Sat 15.11.97 Sun 16.11.97 Mon 17.11.97 Tue 18.11.97 Wed 19.11.97 Thu 20.11.97 Fri 21.11.97 Indoor CO 2 -conc. Outdoor CO 2 -conc. Sat 22.11.97 Sun 23.11.97 Mon 24.11.97
Temperature ( C), Air supply (l.s -1.m -2 ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fri 14.11.97 (3) results of measurements in office 2 Sat 15.11.97 Sun 16.11.97 Tint. The air supply during office hours is sufficient The IAQ is acceptable (CO 2 - conc.< 1200ppm.). There are no ventilation losses outside office hours Mon 17.11.97 Tue 18.11.97 Wed 19.11.97 Thu 20.11.97 Fri 21.11.97 Sat 22.11.97 Indoor CO 2 -conc. Air supply. Sun 23.11.97 Mon 24.11.97 1000 800 600 400 200 0 CO 2 -concentration (ppm)
(4) Questionnaires In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100. The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.
Averages of about 100 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during the winter season Temperature Temperature Air movement Air movement Air quality Air quality Odour intensity Odour intensity Acceptability Acceptability Light Noise Light Noise Overall comfort Overall comfort (5) Questionnaires 0 20 40 60 80 100 Comfortable Comfortable Fresh Odourless Acceptable Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory 36 41 41 46 45 45 55 62 Uncomfortable Uncomfortable Stuffy Smelly Not acceptable Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory
! During the winter, the indoor conditions are comfortable: " During occupancy periods, indoor temperatures were between 20 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 -concentrations were between 1000 and 1200 ppm and in office 2, given here as an example, the fresh air supplied gave about 7 air changes per hour. " Out of office hours the indoor temperature dropped to 17-18 ºC, the CO 2 -concentration to near background level, 400 ppm, and the air supply to nearly zero (= no ventilation losses).! Questionnaires (6 ) Findings " The Indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summertime. " In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
(1) BRF Kredit Findings from summer Thermal comfort in summer: " During a three week period in the month of August, the indoor temperature (average of simultaneous recordings in four offices) was constantly above 25 C. On extreme days the indoor temperatures peaked close to 30 C. " Lower temperatures could be achieved by introducing night-time ventilation. The impact of this can be significant when external air temperatures are low. " At the present time, night ventilation is not applied for security reasons. This problem could be solved by installing burglar-proof ventilation grilles in the facade. Also the problem of closed internal doors can be solved by installing transfer grilles above the internal doors.
(2 ) BRF Kredit Findings from winter indoors conditions are comfortable: " During occupancy periods, indoor temperatures were about 20 and 23ºC, the CO 2 -concentration between 1000 and 1200 ppm and in office 2, given here as an example, the fresh air supply gave about 7 air change per hour. " Out of office hours the indoor temperatures dropped to 17-18ºC, the CO 2 -concentration to near background level, 400 ppm, and the air supply to nearly zero (= no ventilation losses). Questionnaires " The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summertime. " Regarding air quality, the occupants rated summer conditions higher than winter conditions.
BRF Kredit Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents: \Reports \ Reports \Summary Reports\dk2summ.pdf " global presentation s (±4p./building) " contents: building description - ventilation strategy and - winter and summer results - conclusions \Reports \ Reports \Detailed Reports\dk2det.pdf " detailed reports of all 19 campaigns (±20p./campaign) " contents: set up - analysis of results - conclusions You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat Reader 3.0. Program. This program is free. Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation