SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 7, BY 2030 ENSURE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE AND MODERN ENERGY SERVICES A NEXUS APPROACH TO ENERGY ACCESS, LESSONS LEARNED, AND MOVING FORWARD UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia Radia Sedaoui Chief Energy Section Sustainable Development Policies Division (SDPD) Bangkok, 23 June 2016
Table of Contents Nexus Approach The Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus in the Arab Region The Nexus Approach - SDGS Copyright 2014 ESCWA. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation in all its property may be used or reproduced in any form without a written permission
Current Nexus Challenges Climate Change Exacerbating Factors Population growth Consumption patterns 0.87 billion people are undernourished 1.1 billion people lack access to electricity 0.9 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 2.6 billion to adequate sanitation Page 3
Elaborating a WEF security nexus within the context of sustainable development The WEF security nexus within the context of SDGs: an ESCWA perspective End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Page 4
Energy for Water Abstraction 0.36 kwh is needed to lift 1m 3 of groundwater a vertical distance of 100m Wastewater Treatment Primary treatment 0.1 to 0.3 kwh/m 3 Secondary Treatment 0.27 to 0.59 kwh/m 3 Energy Transmission 0.04kWh is needed to pump 1m 3 of surface water a horizontal distance of 100km Page 5 Water Treatment Varies depending on water quality, up to 0.3 kwh/m 3
Energy for Water: Treated Wastewater Reuse 1200 1000 800 15% 20% 21% 25% 20% Treated wastewater for industry Treated wastewater for irrigation MCM 600 10% 13% 15% Total treated wastewater 400 10% Total water resources 200 0 Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009). Water for Life: Jordan s Water strategy, 2008-2022. Rev. 10.270309 Available from http://www.mwi.gov.jo/sites/en-us/documents/jor dan_water_strategy_english.pdf. Total resources for the year 2022 are without the Red-Dead Sea conveyance project Page 6 2007 2010 2015 2020 2022 5% 0% Total treated wastewater as percent of total resources
Jordanian water sector accounts for ~15% of total annual electricity generated Saudi Arabia: Groundwater pumping accounts for 10% of total fuel consumption Libya: Groundwater pumping accounts for 14% of total fuel consumption Bahrain: 30% of total energy use is for desalination Page 7 Energy Demand of Water in the Arab Region
Water for Energy: Hydropower On the Euphrates River Basin 8,580MW installed capacity On the Nile River Basin, hydropower potential is ~20GW, only 26% is currently used Page 8
Water for Energy Extraction/Processing of fuels 16.7 to 46 litres of water per barrel of extracted oil 2.6 to 4 barrels of water to produce one barrel of oil from oil shale Processing requires 200 to 800 litres of water per ton of crude oil Water Produced water Oman has highest water-oil ratio of between 6:1 and 10:1 UAE has the lowest water-oil ratio of 0.35:1 Page 9
Water and Energy for Food Direct Irrigation (W+E) 80% of water withdrawal in Arab region used for irrigation with 50-60% efficiency in regional irrigation systems Harvesting (E) Processing (W+E) Transportation (E) Storage (E) Retailing (E) Indirect Fertilizers (W+E) Pesticides (W) Energy embedded in global annual food loses can reach up to 38% of the total energy used in the entire food value chain. Kg/Ha (logarithmic) 100000.0 10000.0 1000.0 100.0 10.0 1.0 Page 10 Source: Computed from FAO, FAOSTAT, Accessed February 2015 (http://faostat3.fao.org/home/e). Note: Data for the State of Palestine is not available.
Food for Water Cover Crops Water quality Siltation Contamination Pesticides Fertilizers Food Mulching Landscape management (runoff capture) Page 11
Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus Case Study From the Disi Aquifer System Page 12 Disi Aquifer is non-renewable High energy cost of pumping and transferring of water Disi water conveyance project pumps water over 325km with a total energy requirement of 2% of Jordan s annual energy consumption Competition between end users, Agricultural-Domestic Technical MoU signed between the two countries which included a no drill zone Future agreements in light of the Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus
Climate change and the WEF security nexus ESCWA is coordinating the Regional Initiative for the Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region (RICCAR) which is being implemented in partnership with the League of Arab States and 11 regional and international organization and three climate research institutes. The effects of climate change do not hit a particular sector and country, but much rather resonate across a wide spectrum. Consistent warming trend with a general increase in the frequency of warms days and longer summer periods across the Arab region The WEF security nexus approach has the potential to effectively harmonize these interactions across sectors and countries. Page 13
Huge Nexus Challenge in the Future - Water-Energy-Food Nexus: 60% more food by 2050 mostly from yield increase hence a lot more energy, 40% more water and 40% more energy in 2030 - Stressed Natural Resources - Climate Change Need to Do More with less / Save and Grow and Be Innovative Page 14
Water Security IWRM SE4ALL Energy Security Sustainable Agriculture & Trade Food Security Page 15 Copyright 2014 ESCWA. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation in all its property may be used or reproduced in any form without a written permission
THANK YOU UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia Roula Majdalani, Director Sustainable Development Policies Division ESCWA United Nations House Beirut, Lebanon majdalani@un.org