Energy Development in the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Consideration

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Energy Development in the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Consideration Robert J. Díaz D VIMS College of William and Mary diaz@vims.edu OCS Background Layers of Issues Large and Small Issues Layers of Regulatory Authority

OCS Background Layers of Issues Large and Small Issues Layers of Regulatory Authority All this complicates identification of key environmental issues and information needs on the OCS related to energy development. Fragmentation in Management Crowder et al. 2006 Science 313:617

Fragmentation in Management Turnipseed et al. 2009 Science 324:183 Environmental Issues Change with Life Cycle Pre-Construction - Acoustic Construction - Acoustic/Traffic Operation - Hazards/Contamination Decommission - Removal/Reef

Data Density Related to Depth and Distance Offshore Marsh/Intertidal Subtidal Estuaries/Enbayments Continental Shelf Deep-sea Uncertainty of effects and risks follows this gradient. Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals - Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects

Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals - Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects Background: Layers of Issues Large and Small Issues Layers of Regulatory Authority

Environmental Issues

Probable Impacts on Pelagic Fishes Direct: Hazards and subsurface water quality Indirect: Prey abundance Number of prey Prey availability Visual environment Olfactory environment Auditory environment Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals - Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects

Benthic Habitat Priority Ocean Areas Specialized habitat areas identified by experts for attributes: High biodiversity High abundance Migration pathways Nursery or spawning areas Endangered or threatened species Fisheries Priority areas include: Submarine canyons Migration Corridors Hard bottom www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/priority/poainx.asp Soft Bottom Habitat Tile Fish Lobster

Gulf of Mexico Hard Bottom (CSA 2007, OCS Study MMS-2007-044) Background Viosca Knoll 826 JSL Dive No. 4736 (CSA 2007, OCS Study MMS-2007-044)

Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals - Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects Marine Mammals The Problem of Right Whales vs. Ships Co-occurrence: occurrence: Right whale habitat in the western North Atlantic is nearly a perfect overlap with high-density shipping areas. Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium

Sightings of North Atlantic Right, Humpback, and Sperm whales near proposed VA oil and gas lease site. Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium Sightings of Dolphins (Spotted, White-sided, Bottlenose, Common, Bottlenose, Risso s, s, Spotted, Striped) and Pilot Whales near proposed VA oil and gas lease site. Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium

Sightings of Turtles (Green, Leatherback, Loggerhead, Kemp s s Ridley) near proposed VA oil and gas lease site. Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium Marine Mammals and Noise in the Sea Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium

Marine Mammals and Noise in the Sea Scott Kraus, New England Aquarium Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects

Operation Impacts Operation Impacts to Sediments, MC292

Hazards Operation Impacts to Sediments, MC292 MC292 Far Field MC292 Near Field Diaz and Trefry 2006, Journal of Marine Systems 62:164

Environmental Issues Pelagic Fishes - Highly migratory Benthos - Limited mobility to sessile Marine Mammals - Highly migratory, protected status Hazards - Spills, contamination, habitat alteration Cumulative Impacts - Physical and biological aspects Hazards and Ecosystem Response Old paradigm was based on impacts being related to acute mortality. Ecosystem-based approach needed to predict long-term risks and impacts. Peterson et al. 2003 Science 302:2082

Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts are difficult to assess but need to be included in long- term development plans. Multiple uses create multiple stressors. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia-oil&gas oil&gas Climate change Models for assessing cumulative risks are needed. The Way Forward Given the complexities of OCS ecosystems, sustainability of multiple uses can only be achieved through ecosystem-based management. Oil and gas Wind and wave Sand and gravel Aquaculture and capture fisheries Other ecosystem services

The Way Forward Lot of information out there on impacts. The primary question is: Is it the correct information? Will not know until it is evaluated and synthesized. The Way Forward Existing data needs to be assessed in a thorough and systematic manner. Future efforts need to be cross- disciplinary. Social/Economic Living resources Physical/Geological

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