Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia

Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia

Takeshi Izuta Editor Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia

Editor Takeshi Izuta Professor Institute of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan ISBN 978-4-431-56436-2 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-56438-6 ISBN 978-4-431-56438-6 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962203 Springer Japan 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK The registered company address is Chiyoda First Bldg. East, 3-8-1 Nishi-Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0065, Japan

Preface Plants can be regarded as life-support equipment, because they can provide the oxygen necessary for respiration to living organisms, alleviate global warming by the absorption and fixation of atmospheric CO 2, and purify a polluted atmosphere by the absorption and/or adsorption of air pollutants. However, anthropogenic emission of pollutants into the atmosphere causes air pollution and its adverse effects on many plant species all over the world. This means that we are turning off this lifesupport equipment by ourselves. For sustainable development, therefore, we must reduce the emissions of air pollutants into the atmosphere and protect plant ecosystems against air pollutants. In Asia, air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the twenty-first century. Recently, transboundary air pollution has become an environmental problem, especially in East Asia. In this region, there is a possibility that gaseous air pollutants such as photochemical oxidants, acid deposition, and aerosols cause detrimental effects on crops, trees, and natural vegetation. In Japan, experimental studies on the effects of air pollutants on crops and trees, and field surveys of air pollution and its effects on trees in forest ecosystems have been conducted since the 1970s and 1990s, respectively. Recently, Chinese researchers have actively studied the effects of ozone, a main component of photochemical oxidants, on crops and trees. However, limited information is available on the effects of air pollutants on plants in other Asian countries. The aim of this book is to provide information on air pollution in East Asia; information on the effects of gaseous air pollutants, acid deposition, and aerosols on Asian crops and trees; and case studies of air pollution in Japanese forests. This information should be of interest to environmental scientists, plant scientists, government officials, industrialists, environmentalists, undergraduate and graduate students, and others concerned with the air pollution problem in Asia and other parts of the world. v

vi Preface I hope that this book will contribute both to an increased awareness of the air pollution problem and to the protection of plants against air pollutants in Asia. Last, but not least, I would like to sincerely thank the Springer Editorial Team, Dr. Mei Hann Lee and Ms. Madonna Samuel, for their editorial assistance, advice, and support during work on this book project. Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan Takeshi Izuta

Contents Part I Air Pollution in East Asia 1 Gaseous Species... 3 Shiro Hatakeyama 2 Aerosols... 21 Shiro Hatakeyama 3 Acid Deposition... 43 Hiroyuki Sase Part II Effects of Gaseous Air Pollutants on Plants in Japan 4 Effects of Ozone on Japanese Agricultural Crops... 57 Tetsushi Yonekura and Takeshi Izuta 5 Effects of Ozone on Japanese Trees... 73 Makoto Watanabe, Yasutomo Hoshika, Takayoshi Koike, and Takeshi Izuta 6 Combined Effects of Ozone and Other Environmental Factors on Japanese Trees... 101 Makoto Watanabe, Yasutomo Hoshika, Takayoshi Koike, and Takeshi Izuta 7 Environmental Monitoring with Indicator Plants for Air Pollutants in Asia... 111 Hiroyuki Sase vii

viii Contents Part III Case Studies in Japanese Forests 8 Flux-Based O 3 Risk Assessment for Japanese Temperate Forests... 125 Mitsutoshi Kitao, Yukio Yasuda, Masabumi Komatsu, Satoshi Kitaoka, Kenichi Yazaki, Hiroyuki Tobita, Kenich Yoshimura, Takafumi Miyama, Yuji Kominami, Yasuko Mizoguchi, Katsumi Yamanoi, Takayoshi Koike, and Takeshi Izuta 9 Tree Decline at the Somma of Lake Mashu in Northern Japan... 135 Takashi Yamaguchi, Makoto Watanabe, Izumi Noguchi, and Takayoshi Koike 10 Decline of Fagus crenata in the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan... 151 Yoshihisa Kohno 11 Reactions Between Ozone and Terpenoids Within a Forest on Mt. Fuji... 163 Akira Tani Part IV Effects of Gaseous Air Pollutants on Plants in China 12 Effects of Ozone on Crops in China... 175 Zhaozhong Feng, Haoye Tang, and Kazuhiko Kobayashi 13 Effects of Ozone on Chinese Trees... 195 Zhaozhong Feng and Pin Li Part V Effects of Acid Deposition on Asian Plants 14 Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Asian Crops and Garden Plants... 223 Yoshihisa Kohno 15 Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Asian Trees... 237 Hideyuki Matsumura and Takeshi Izuta 16 Combined Effects of Simulated Acid Rain and Other Environmental Factors on Asian Trees... 249 Hideyuki Matsumura and Takeshi Izuta 17 Effects of Soil Acidification on Asian Trees... 257 Takeshi Izuta 18 Effects of Nitrogen Load on Asian Trees... 271 Tatsuro Nakaji and Takeshi Izuta

Contents ix Part VI Effects of Aerosol on Plants 19 Effects of Aerosol Particles on Plants... 283 Masahiro Yamaguchi and Takeshi Izuta 20 Effects of Black Carbon and Ammonium Sulfate Particles on Plants... 295 Masahiro Yamaguchi and Takeshi Izuta 21 Dry Deposition of Aerosols onto Forest... 309 Kazuhide Matsuda