Acid furnace, oxygen use, 314, 315 Alloy steel ingot, production, 32, 33, 34 illphatron gauge for gases, 182 Alumina linings, ladles, 254-259 vs ganister, 259-261 Alumina-lime slag, 14 illuminum, deoxidation, 244 hot-shortness, 131, 132, 137, 138 inclusions, 127, 128, 131 segregation, 101 solidification, 74, 75, 79 Analysis of Variance, 203, 204 Annual dinner, 3 28-337 address, men money and machines, 331-33 7 opening remarks, 328 reply by outgoing chairman, 328, 329 toastmaster's introductions, 329, 330 Arc furnace vs open hearth, 300 Argon, flush degassing, 172, 173 Basic furnace, use of ore, 315-319 Boiled ingots, hydrogen, 29 Brass, solidiiication, 76, 79 Broad view of electric furnace steelmaking, 5-46 Bronze, solidification, 76, 79, 86, 87 Busbar, seal, 35 C Calcium, ductility, I 24 hot-shortness, 136, 137 Capacity of electric furnace, I, 5,8,9, 15, 16, 17, 19 Carbon, effect on solidification, 65-68, 234, 235, 243 hot tearing, 243 segregation, 98 Carbon steel, electric furnace production, 32-34 Casting, vacuum, 12, 13 Castings, green-sand, 171 SUBJECT INDEX Castings technical session, hot tearing ant1 ladle refractories, 219-262 operations-bull session, 314-328 Cerium, hot-shortness, 135, 136 Charge, grade B, 317, 318 preheater, 300-313 Charpy impact test, 159, 221-225, 230-232 Chart techniques for quality control, 202, 203 Chills, 226-228, 242 Chrome ore, cleanliness of stainless, 29 Chrome-nickel stainless ingots, inclusions, 96, '05 macrosegregation, 94-101 microstructure, 96, 99, 100, 102-115 split ingot structures, 92-96 Chromium, recovery from slag, 209-212 residual, 11 Chromium stainless ingots, inclusions, 96, 105 macrosegregation, 94-101 microstructure, 96, 99, 100, 102-115 split ingot structures, 92-96 Cleanliness vs inclusions, 244, 245 Cold cracks, 221 Computing equipment, 205, 206 Cone forgeability test, 125 Control of quality and interpretation of results,.. hydrogen analysis, 174-184 Converter, I 2 Copper, residual, I I solidification, 76, 79 Cost, fume control, 274 scrap, 37-46 Cracks, 221 Cristobalite, expansion, 246 Crucible furnaces, 29 Degassing, inert flush, 172 vacuum, 12, 13, 19, 171 Density, killed steel, 142-146 Deoxidation, FeO, 234, 235 hot-shortness, I 24-140 type, 310, 123-140
Dolomite, 8 Ductility, deoxidizers, 124-140 duplex structures, I 23, 124 hot, 123-140 hot tearing, 219-245 hot tensile test, 124, 126-140 transverse, 147-1 59 Duplex, Europe, 12 Dust and fume control, 272-281 Dy-Chek, 93, 94, 96, 112 Electric furnace. See Furnace Electrode, 26 amorphous carbon, 10 consumption, I 2, 15 control, 36 10 six, 24, 30 Soderberg type, 10 Electromagnetic stirring, I 2 Etching, high-strength steel, 150 stainless ingots, 93-97, 98-105, 1 I 7 European furnace melting, 6-20 13xothermic hot-top linings, 184-200 Experimental design, care in planning needed, 204 FeO, deoxidation, 234-239 Feedex exothermic hot top, 184-200 Ferrochromium, 119, 141 Ferromolybdenum, 119, 141 Ferrotitaniurn, I 19 Ferrux exothermic hot top compound, 188, 189 Fiat steelworks, 15 Firebrick hot top, 90 Flow lines, definition, 221 L'oundry characteristics, 86-89 Freezing characteristics, relationship to hot tearing and deoxidation, 220-245 Fume control, 272-281 Furnace, capacity, 5, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 27 cost of scrap, 37-46 electrodes, 10, 15, 17, 26, 36 six, 24,30 European, 6-20 Furnace, hearth, 8 lining, 8, 29 power, 10, 13, 14, '5, 19 progress, ZG-30 roof, 7, 8, 9, 15, 19, 24, 26 shell, 26 stirring, 12, 17, 27 time, 12, 17, 20 transformer, 34 Ganister ladle lining vs high-alumina, 259-261 Gas cleaning, 262-281 electric furnace, 263 Gas problems in solidificaiion, 159-173 Gating, 226, 227, 228 General Session, 1-4 Grain size, stainless, I I 7-1 23 Graphite electrodes, 10 Gray iron soliiification, 68-72, 87 Green-sand castings, I 71 H-iron, 285, 299 Heads, 226-228 Heat of reaction, 317 Heat-transfer efficiency, 308-311 High-strength steel, transverse ductility, 147- I59 Hot-ductility of type 310, 123-140 Hot metal, 293-295 cost, 299 Hot tearing problems, 219-245 freezing characteristics, 220-24 5 Hot tensile test, 124, 126-140 Hot top, exothermic linings, 184-200 firebrick, 91 top covering, 189, 190 Hot-shortness, cone forgeability, 12 j deoxidizers, 124-140 duplex structures, 123, 124 hot tensile test, 124, 126-140 hot twist test, 125. stainless, 123-140 Hot twist test, 125 Hunt medal award, 19 Hydrogen, alphatron gauge, 182 analysis, rapid, 174-184 boiled ingots, 29 solubility, 159-164
SUBJECT INDEX Inclusions, alumina, 127, 128, 131 calcium, 137 chromite, 126, 127 hot-shortness, I 24 silicate, 126, 127, 128, 133, 147 stainless, 92, 96, 105, 124 titanium nitride, 133 transverse ductility, 147 vanadium chromite, I 27 X-ray analysis, 105-IIO zirconium nitride, 133 Induction furnace, oxygen lance, 324 Induction stirring, 27 Ingot solidification, freezing, 219-245 gray and nodular iron, 68-72 hot tearing, 220-245 nonferrous, 72-79 sand molds, 60-68, 79 split structures, 92-96, I 18-1 23 stainless, 92-1 23 steel, 48-60, 195, 196 technical session, 174-218, 262-298 wild, 29 Ingot structure, 221 transverse ductility, 147-159 Ingot technical session, control of quality, 174-218 fume control and scrap sources, 262-208 Iron ore, 281, 282 Joint ~echnical session, broad view of electric furnace steelmaking, 5-46 solidification of electric furnace steels, 47- '73 Ladle refractories, 246-262 alumina linings, 254-259 bull ladle, 251-254 cost, 249, 2537 2591 260 ganister, 259-261 silica, 246 zircon lining, 2 50-254 zirconite linings, 246-2 jo Lance, oxygen, 12, 29, 30 Lead, hot-shortness, 123 solidification, 74, 75, 77, 79 Liberian ore, 294 Lime, wet causes hydrogen problem, 29 Magnesia, 8 Manganese, hot ductility, 128, 130 Mathematics, analysis of variance, 203, 204 computing equipment, 205, 206 multiple correlation, 204, 205 trend analysis, cost of scrap, 37-46 production, 31-36 Melting practice, hot-shortness, 124-140 Men, money and machines, 331-337 Microstructure, hot-shortness, 123, 124 hot tearing, 229-234 Moisture, adsorbed on samples, 183 Mold design, steel quality, 216, 21 7 Mold solidification, chill mold, 48-60 feeding, 86-89 freezing, 220-245 sand, 60-68 shapes, 79-86 Mold volume, 146 Monel, solidification, 77, 79 Mu1 tiple correlation, 204, 205 Nickel, I 19 Nitrile rubber gasket, 3 j Nitrogen, solubility, 160-164 Nodular iron solidification, 68-72, 89 Nonferrous solidification, 72-79 Nucleation rate, stainless, I 16, I 18-123 Officers, 1-4 Open hearth vs arc furnace, 300 Ore, 281, 282 additions, 214 basic furnace, 31 5-319 heat of reaction, 317 Liberian, 294 phosphorous, I I pyrite ashes, 13 taconite pellets, 294 Oxidation metal loss, 31 I Oxygen, 29, 30, 314-328 benefits in acid shop, 31 5, 3 20 carbon elimination, 214 consumption, I 2, 315
344 SUBJECT INDEX Oxygen, deoxidation, 234-245 heat of reaction, 317 hot-shortness, 124, 128, 130 lance, 12 process converier, 262-272 refining, '4, 3'4, 3'5, 3'6 solubility, 159-164 storage, 314 vacuum degassing, I 71 Phosphorus, iron ore, I I segregation, 98, 99 Pig iron, 281, 282 charcoal, 286 desiliconized, 295-298 Pinholes in castings, 171 Pipe, 220 Plant trips, I, 4 Plumbago crucible, 29 Porosity, 157,.158, 169-171, 244 stainless ingots, 93, 94 Power, 10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 319 Preheater, scrap, 300-313 Produciion, European, 6-20 growth, 5-7 trend analysis, 31-36 United States, 27 Progress in arc furnaces, 20-30 Pyrite ashes, ore, 13 Pyrometer, immersion, 12. radiation, 302 Quality control, electric furnace shop, 212-2;s statistical methods and machines, 201-212 Rammer, 256 Rare earths, cerium, 135, 136 hot-shortness, 124, 135, 136 Reducing slag, effect on quality, 216 Refractories, alumina, 254-259 cost, 249, 253, 259, 260 ganister, 259-261 ladle, 246--262 silica, 246 zircon, 250-254 zirconite, 246-250 Residuals, I I Roof, 7, 8, 26 life, 15, 324, 325 suspended, g swing type, 19 Sampling, adsorbed moisture, 183 molten steel, 178, 179 refrigeration of samples, 183 solid materials, 179, 180 Sand mold, 48-50 shapes, 79-86 solidification, 60-68, 79 Scrap, cost, 299 price cycles, 37-46 preheater, 300-313 stainless, I 2 Thomas steel, I 2 virgin melting stock, 281-286 Segregation, stainless, 92 macrosegregation, 94-10' Shell, 26 Shrinkage, 221 freezing characteristics, 22-245 killed steel, 142-146 outside shell, 142, 144 pipe cavity, 142-145, 220 Sievert law of solubility, 160 Significance tests, 203 Silica, 8 crucible, 29 expansion, 246 Silicon, deoxidation, 234-241, 244 hot-shortness, 124, 126-128, 137, 138 hot tearing, 234-241 inclusions, 127, 128, 133, 147 pig iron, 295-298 segregation, IOI Sillimanite, 8 Silver, hot-shortness, 123 Slag, alumina-lime, 14 basic chromium recovery, 209-212 double, 12, 14 reducing, effect on quality, 216 single, 12, 14 Smoke and fume control, 272-281 Soderberg-type electrodes, 10 Solidification, chrome nickel and siraight chrome, 92-141 electric furnace steels, 47-91
SUBJECT INDEX 345 Solidification, freezing characteristics, 220-245 Temperature measurement, immersion pyromgas problems, 159-173 eter, 12 in ingot and sand molds, 48-91 radiation pyrometer, 302 shrinkage and density, 142-146, 221 Termi steelworks, 15 stainless ingots, 116-123 Thermal efficiency, 18 transverse ductility, 147-159 Thermocouples, solidification rates, 49 Solubility of gas in metal, 160-173 Spectrograph, 12 Split ingot structures, 93-115 Sponge iron, 18, 281-293 Thomas steel, I z Time, heat, 17, 20 tap, 12 Tin, hot-shortness, I 23 Stainless steel, growth rate, 116 residual, I I solidification of ingots, 116-123 Titanium, hot-shortness, 124, 132, 133, 137, 138 type 310, deoxidation ant1 hot-ductility, inclusions, 132: 133, 131 123-140 Training skilled workers, 334-336 Statistical methods and machines, 201-212 Transformer, cooling pump, 35 analysis of variance, 203, 204 development, 36 chart techniques, 202, 203, 213, 214 future needs, 34 computing equipment, 205, 206 Trend analysis, production, 31-36 designed experiment, 204 multiple correlation, 204, 205 signscance tests, 203 Steel, killed, density, 142-146 Steel production, growth, 5-7 trends, 31-36 Stirring, electromagnetic, I 2 induction, 27 Sulphur, I I, I 2 hot metal, 294 hot tearing, 243 iron sulphide, 234, 237-239, 244 segregation, 98, 99 Supercooling, 93, 94 aconite pellets, 294 scrap cost, 37-46 Vacuum'degassing, 12, 13, 19, 171 Vanadium, hot-shortness, 130, 13 I oxide on cleanliness, 29 Variance, quality, analysis, 203, 204 Virgin melting stock, 281-286 Tap, changers, 26 temperature, 118 time, 12 Zirconite ladle linings, 246-250 Temperature measurement, chromel-alumel Zirconium, hot-shortness, 134, 135 thermocouple, 49, 305 inclusions, 133, 134 A- X-ray, inclusion analysis, 105-110 Yield, Europe, I 2 stainless, 92 Y