BIOSENSING USING NANOMATERIALS Edited by Arben Merkogi WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS SERIES PREFACE PREFACE xi xv xvii PART I CARBON NANOTUBES 1 1. Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors and Biosensors 3 Richard G. Compton, Gregory G. Wildgoose, and Elicia L. S. Wong 1.1. Introduction to the Structure of Carbon Nanotubes 3 1.2. Electroanalysis Using CNT-Modified Electrodes 7 1.3. Advantageous Application of CNTs in Sensors: ph Sensing 13 1.4. Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors 18 1.5. Using CNTs in Biosensor Production for Medical Diagnostics and Environmental Applications 25 References 30 2. Isotropic Display of Biomolecules on CNT-Arrayed Nanostructures 39 Mark R. Contarino, Gary Withey, and Irwin Chaiken 2.1. Introduction: CNT Arrays for Biosensing 40 2.2. Functionalization of CNTs: Controlling Display Through Covalent Attachment 41 2.3. Self-Assembling Interfaces: Anchor-Probe Approach 49 2.4. Molecular Wiring of Redox Enzymes 53 2.5. Multiplexing Biomolecules on Nanoscale CNT Arrays 54 2.6. Conclusions 59 References 60 3. Interaction of DNA with CNTs: Properties and Prospects for Electronic Sequencing 67 Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras 3.1. Introduction 68 3.2. Structural Properties of Combined DNA-CNT Systems 70 3.3. Electronic Structure 79
VI CONTENTS 3.4. Optical Properties 85 3.5. Biosensing and Sequencing of DNA Using CNTs 88 3.6. Summary 92 References 93 PART II NANOPARTICLES 97 4. Improved Electrochemistry of Biomolecules Using Nanomaterials 99 Jianxiu Wang, Andrew J. Wain, Xu Zhu, and Feimeng Zhou 4.1. Introduction 100 4.2. CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 100 4.3. Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 110 4.4. Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 122 4.5. Conclusions and Outlook 123 References 125 5. The Metal Nanoparticle Plasmon Band as a Powerful Tool for Chemo- and Biosensing 137 Audrey Moores and Pascal he Floch 5.1. Introduction 138 5.2. The SPB: An Optical Property of Metal NPs 143 5.3. Plasmon Band Variation Upon Aggregation of Nanoparticles 154 5.4. Plasmon Band Variation on the Environment or Ligand Alteration 164 5.5. Metal Nanoparticles as Labels 167 5.6. Conclusions 169 References 170 6. Gold Nanoparticles: A Versatile Label for Affinity Electrochemical Biosensors 177 Adriano Ambrosi, Alfredo de la Escosura-Muniz, Maria Teresa Castaneda, and Arben Merkoci 6.1. Introduction 178 6.2. Synthesis of AuNPs 179 6.3. Characterization of AuNPs 179 6.4. AuNPs as Detecting Labels for Affinity Biosensors 181 6.5. Conclusions 191 References 192 7. Quantum Dots for the Development of Optical Biosensors Based on Fluorescence 199 W. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. Krull 7.1. Introduction 200
CONTENTS VÜ 7.2. Quantum Dots 205 7.3. Basic Photophysics and Quantum Confinement 207 7.4. Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry and Bioconjugation 212 7.5. Bioanalytical Applications of Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Labels 225 7.6. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Quantum Dot Biosensing 232 7.7. Summary 238 References 239 8. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery and Biosensing Systems: An Example 247 Almudena Munoz Javier, Pablo del Pino, Stefan Kudera, and Wolfgang J. Parak 8.1. Introduction 247 8.2. Functional Colloidal Nanoparticles 250 8.3. Polyelectrolyte Capsules as a Functional Carrier System 256 8.4. Uptake of Capsules by Cells 259 8.5. Delivery and Sensing with Polyelectrolyte Capsules 262 8.6. Conclusions 270 References 270 9. Luminescent Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes in Cellular and Biological Assays 275 Lifang Shi, Nitsa Rosenzweig, and Zeev Rosenzweig 9.1. Introduction 275 9.2. Luminescent Quantum Dots 276 9.3. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 278 9.4. Quantum Dot FRET-Based Protease Probes 280 9.5. Summary and Conclusions 283 References 284 10. Quantum Dot-Polymer Bead Composites for Biological Sensing Applications 291 Jonathan M. Behrendt and Andrew J. Sutherland 10.1. Introduction 291 10.2. Quantum Dot-Composite Construction 293 10.3. Applications of QD Composites 307 10.4. Future Directions 325 References 327 11. Quantum Dot Applications in Biomolecule Assays 333 Ying Xu, Pingang He, and Yuzhi Fang 11.1. Introduction to QDs and Their Applications 333 11.2. Preparation of QDs for Conjugation with Biomolecules and Cells 337
VIII CONTENTS 11.3. Special Optoelectronic Properties in the Bioemployment of QDs 340 11.4. Employment of QDs as Biosensing Indicators 344 References 349 12. Nanoparticles and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy-Based Biosensing 355 Arben Merkoci, Roza Allabashi, and Alfredo de la Escosura-Muniz 12.1. ICP-MS and Application Possibilities 355 12.2. Detection of Metal Ions 360 12.3. Detection of Nanoparticles 361 12.4. Analysis of Metal-Containing Biomolecules 363 12.5. Bioanalysis Based on Labeling with Metal Nanoparticles 364 12.6. Conclusions 372 References 373 PART III NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACES 377 13. Integration Between Template-Based Nanostructured Surfaces and Biosensors 379 Walter Vastarella, Jan Maly, Mihaela Hie, and Roberto Pilloton 13.1. Introduction 380 13.2. Nanosphere Lithography 380 13.3. Nanoelectrodes Ensemble for Biosensing Devices 390 13.4. Concluding Remarks 406 References 407 14. Nanostructured Affinity Surfaces for MALDI-TOF-MS-Based Protein Profiling and Biomarker Discovery 421 R. M. Valiant, M. Rainer, M. Najam-Ul-Haq, R. Bakry, С Petter, N. Heigl, G. K. Bonn, and C. W. Huck 14.1. Proteomics and Biomarkers 421 14.2. MALDI in Theory and Practice 422 14.3. Carbon Nanomaterials 429 14.4. Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials 448 References 451 PART IV NANOPORES 457 15. Biosensing with Nanopores 459 Ivan Vlassiouk and Sergei Smirnov 15.1. Nanoporous Materials in Sensing 459
CONTENTS IX 15.2. Nanochannel and Nanopore Fabrication 460 15.3. Surface Modification Chemistry 469 15.4. Nonelectrical Nanoporous Biosensors 472 15.5. Electrical Nanoporous Biosensors 474 15.6. Summary 486 References 486 INDEX 491