Nanophysics 1. Jun YUAN Outline. Introduction to nano Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

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1 Nanophysics 1 Jun YUAN jy518@york.ac.uk Outline Introduction to nano Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Feynman s speech (1959) and current achievements Definition of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Overview of the course 1

2 Introduction What is nano? A Greek word for Dwarf Scientific notation for 10-9 m, a length unit Why nanoscale? Transition from classical physics and quantum mechanics bottom in between human scale and atomic and subatomic scale, plenty of space for novel physics and new technical innovation What we have in nanoworld Molecules (nm) DNA (10 nm) Macromolecules ( nm) Richard P. Feynman (1959) Plenty of room at the bottom I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle. This field is not quite the same as the others in that it will not tell us much of fundamental physics (in the sense of, ``What are the strange particles?'') but it is more like solid-state physics in the sense that it might tell us much of great interest about the strange phenomena that occur in complex situations. Furthermore, a point that is most important is that it would have an enormous number of technical applications. What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale. Photo and Quote from (2001) 2

3 Feynman s Challenges in Miniaturization (Nanotechnology) 1959 s technology Electric motor size of finger nail Write the Lord's Prayer on a pin head 1959 s dream Milestones Linear dimension 1/64 inch Write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on a pin head (25K time reduction) McLellan s motor (1960) First nanoscale motor (Zettl, 2003) First page of Charles Dickens's Tale of Two Cities, at the required scale reduction (Tom Newman, 1985) Zettl s electrostatic nanomotor (2003) consists of a gold plate of 100nm dimension attached to a suspended multiwall carbon nanotube. (Nature, 424, 408, 2003) From 3

4 Surpassing Feynman s challenges From Hay 1999 Contemporary Physics 40, 257 From Hay 1999 Contemporary Physics 40, 257 4

5 More vision from Feynman Miniaturizing the computer Moore s law in electronics Atomic scale antenna for light emission Plasmon Optics Maneuvering things atom by atom Chemical synthesis by hand Moore s law in microelectronics Moore s Law The number of transistors that can be fabricated on a very large-scale integrated (VLSI) chip doubles every two years, as the Intel founder Gordon Moore observed in 1975 and predicted that the trend will continue [1]. This prediction has been correct for the last 40 years. Can this trend continue? Is there a physical limit? (More on this topic in L11-L13, Nanoelectronics) After Wgsimon (2008) [1] ftp://download.intel.com/museum/moores_law/video-transcripts/excepts_a_conversation_with_gordon_moore.pdf 5

6 Nano antenna for light More on this topic in L14-L16 (Nanoplasmonics) Building nanostructure atom-by-atom Quantum corral M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler, Science 262 (1993) 218 Chemistry with single atom precision Satoshi Katano, et al. Science 316 (2007)

7 Nanorobots, the science fiction (Jan 2010) Nanorobots in practice (2010) Wang 2009 AcsNano, 3(2009), 4-9 7

8 Nanoscience and nanotechnology Nanoscience The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale Nanotechnologies The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale Operationally: nanoscale <> 1-100nm This course focus on nanoscience, in particular, nanophysics Some details Course plan Lectures (whole class delivery) Problem classes A tour of Nanocenter in week 8 Problem sheets Problem sheets will be issued in my teaching webpage: Problems or related topics will be discussed during the problem class (Week 3,4,6,8) or model solutions will be provided after allowing time for you to try yourself. Open door policy Office: Research wing CO12, ext jy518@york.ac.uk 8

9 Overview of the course Pt1: Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology (Lt1-Lt2) Pt2: Physics of nanostructure (L3-L5) Pt3: Electrons in confinement (L6-L10) Pt4: Nanoelectronics (L11-L12) Pt5: Nanoplasmonics (L14-L16) Review (L17-L18) Charles Kittel Textbooks Introduction to solid state physics, Wiley (Edition 8 or later) General Reading Materials Feynman s lecture: There s Plenty of Room at the Bottom Royal Society Report: Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties 9

10 Assessment Written exam at the summer term Weekly problems Summary This lecture: Introduction to nanoscale Feynman s call (1959): a new unexplored field full of new possibilities in technological applications Current status: Miniturarization (nanomoter, Moore s law) Atomic scale manipulation (quantum coral, nanochemistry) Nanorobots? Nanophysics Study of the physics behind the phenomena at nanoscale and nanomaterials. Overview of lectures Next lecture: Nanofabrication and Nanoanalysis 10