A DETAILED STUDY OF CEMENT CONCRETE PREPARED WITH WASTE RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) VOLUME 1 ISSUE 8 WWW.IJATSER.COM Ms. Zeba Khatoon 1, Prof. Shailesh Kushwah 2, Prof. Kapil Soni 3 1 Scholar M.Tech (CTM) Department of Civil Engineering, SIRT-Excellence, Bhopal (M.P). 2 Asst. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, SIRT-Science, Bhopal (M.P). 3 Asst. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, AISECT University, Bhopal (M.P). ABSTRACT: The innovation of concrete can reduce the consumption of natural resources and energy sources and decrease the burden of pollutants on environment. In the last decade, the use of supplementary cementing materials has become an integral part of high strength and high performance concrete mix design. These can be natural materials, byproducts or industrial wastes, or the ones requiring less energy and time to produce. One of the commonly used supplementary cementing material is Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is an agricultural waste product which is produced in large quantities globally every year and due to the difficulty involved in its disposal, can RHA becoming an environmental hazard in rice producing countries.it is most essential to develop ecofriendly concrete from RHA. RHA can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. This paper presents an overview of the work carried out on the use of RHA as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Reported properties in this study are the mechanical, durability and fresh properties of concrete.in the present investigation, a feasibility study is made to use Rice Husk Ash as anpartial replacement to Cement in Concrete, and an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of concrete (Compressive, Split and Flexural). For control concrete, IS method of mix design is adopted and considering this a basis, mix design for replacement method has been made. Five different replacement levels namely 0 % (as a control), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% are chosen for the study as concern to replacement method. Keyword: Concrete, Environment, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Mechanical Properties, Durability, Strength. INTRODUCTION The utilization of rice husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement is a new trend in concrete technology. Besides, as far as the sustainability is concerned, it will also help to solve problems otherwise encountered in disposing of the wastes. Disposal of the husks is a big problem and open heap burning is not acceptable on environmental WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 124
grounds, and so the majority of husk is currently going into landfill. The disposal of rice husks create environmental problem that leads to the idea of substituting RHA for silica in cement manufactured. The content of silica in the ash is about 92-97%. RHA that has amorphous silica content and large surface area can be produced by combustion of rice husk at controlled temperature. Suitable incinerator/furnace as well as grinding method is required for burning and grinding rice husk in order to obtain good quality ash. Although the studies on pozzolanic activity of RHA, its use as a supplementary cementitious material, and its environmental and economical benefits are available in many literatures, very few of them deal with rice husk combustion and grinding methods. In the middle of 20th century the burnt rice husk ash is used to production of tooth power used as fuel in cooking purpose and dish cleaning power due to lack of knowledge. By continuous research on properties of rice husk ash, the results shows that it contain high silica content which is more than 90%, it reduces shrinkage cracks and leads to increase the strength of concrete. The many researchers are done research on rice husk ash and they presented The rice husk ash is obtained by burning of rice husk ash at temperature between 550 o C to 700 o C, then the rice husk may forms as cellular micro structure is produced. The rice husk ash has rich silica content of noncrystalline (or) amorphous silica form. It shows that rice husk can be used as supplementary cementitious materials due to its pozzolanic action. The following reaction that will takes place in Rice husk ask concrete CaCO2 CaO + CO2 The hydration reaction of cement occurs when calcium silicates combine with water to create a gel that gives concrete its strength and long term durability. Calcium silicates + water C-S-H gel + Ca(OH)2 SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 C-S-H gel Addition of RHA 1. Increase Calcium Silicate Hydroxide 2. Decrease Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 CaSiO3 The major benefits of the reactions are: High Strength their results of modified concrete properties. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 125
Reduce Sulphate Attack Reduce Chemical Attack Reduce Efflorescence burning durations (15 360 minutes) resulted in high carbon content for the produced RHA even with high incinerating temperatures of 500 to 700 C. India produces about 122 million tons of paddy every year. About 20-22% rice husk is generated from paddy and 20-25% of the total husk becomes as RICE HUSK ASH after burning. Each ton of paddy produces about 40 Kg of rice husk ash. Therefore it is a good potential RHA concrete is like fly ash/slag concrete with regard to its strength development but with a higher pozzolanic activity it helps the pozzolanic reactions occur at early ages rather than later as is the case with other replacement cementing materials to make the use of rice husk ash as pozzolanic material for making mortar and concrete. Burning the husk under controlled temperature below 800 C can produce ash with silica mainly in amorphous form. Recently an investigation on the pozzolanic activity of RHA by using various techniques in order to verify the effect of incineration temperature and burning duration. He stated that the samples burnt at 500 or 700 C and burned for more than 12 hours produced ashes with high reactivity with no significant amount of crystalline material. The short LITERATURE REVIEW Ramezanianpour&khani investigated The effect of rice husk ash on mechanical properties and durability of sustainable concretes. RHA replaced with cement by weight are 7%, 10% and 15%. Results show that concrete incorporating RHA had higher compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at various ages compared with that of the control cement concrete. In addition, results show that RHA as an artificial pozzolanic material has enhanced the durability of RHA concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. DaoVan&PhamDuypresented several key properties of high strength concrete using RHA. RHAs obtained from two sources: India and Vietnam. India RHA was much better than that of the Vietnam RHA. The acceptable content is 10% to replace for cement with an acceptance of reduction in compressive strength. It is concluded that Rice husk is an abundant waste generated from agriculture product in Vietnam. Investigations in manufacturing high quality RHA in Vietnam is necessary. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 126
zemke& woods recommended to use rice husk ash substitution for Ordinary Portland Cement up to 30%. This will decrease the weight of the finished project, decrease the cost, and dispose of the rice husk ash waste product. This is the best option where rice production is prevalent, including most of Asia especially Asia. of cement and further any addition of waste marble powder the compressive strength decreases. The Split Tensile strength of Cylinders are increased with addition of waste marble powder up to 10% replace by weight of cement and further any addition of waste marble powder the Split Tensile strength decreases. Kartinishowed that The RHA is a pozzolanic material. The inclusion of Sp in RHA concrete while maintaining the w/b ratio increased the slump and improved the cohesiveness of the concrete. Replacement of OPC with RHA reduced the water permeability of the concrete. The optimum 20, 30 and 40% respectively. In all grades of replacement of OPC with RHA taken at 28 days strength for Grade 30 and Grade 40 Marthonginvestigated the Effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Replacement of Cement on Concrete Properties. Three grades of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely; 33, 43 and 53 are used. Percentage replacement of OPC with RHA was 0, 10, OPC, setting times increased upon the addition of RHA. It is concluded from the was 30%, while for Grade 50 was 20%. paper that, Workability decreased upon the From the study conducted, it was clearly inclusion of RHA. Shrinkage of RHA shown that RHA is a pozzolanic material concrete is similar to the pure cement that has the potential to be used as partial concrete in all grades of OPC. Water cement replacement material and can absorption of RHA concrete up to 20% contribute to the sustainability of the replacement decreased with the increased in construction material. grades of OPC. Inclusion of RHA as partial replacement of cement slightly improves the Shirule et al. studied the Partial durability. Replacement of cement with Marble Dust Powder. It can be concluded that for M20 grade concrete The Compressive strength of Cubes are increased with addition of waste marble powder up to 10% replace by weight WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 127
strengths, etc. AGGREGATES: S.N Physical o. Propertie s of Cement 1 Specific Gravity 2 Standard Result Requirem ent as per I.S Code 1989) 3.15 3.10-3.15 28% 30-35 Consisten cy (%) 3 Initial 35 Min 30 Setting Minimum Time (Min) 4 Final 178 Min 600 Setting Maximum Time (Min) EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY MATERIALS USED CEMENT: The cement used for experimental purpose is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 grade (Ultra Tech OPC) conforming to IS: 8112-1989 is used. The cement is in dry powdery form with the good quality chemical compositions and physical characteristics. Many tests were conducted on cement; some of them are specific gravity, consistency tests, setting time tests, compressive (IS:8112-5 Compressi ve Strength- 7Days 6 Compressi ve Strength- 28.38 33 N/mm 2 N/mm 2 42.31N/m 43N/mm 2 m 2 28Days Table 1: Properties of Ultra Tech Cement (OPC 43 grade). Aggregates are the chief constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, decrease shrinkage and achieve economy. One of the most significant factors for producing feasible concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample fractions of aggregates in required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids. Samples of the well graded aggregate containing minimum voids require minimum paste to fill up the voids in the aggregates. Minimum paste means less quantity of cement and less water, which are further mean increased WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 128
economy, inferior shrinkage and superior durability. COARSE AGGREGATE: Crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates; the fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates from crushed Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used. The Flakiness Index and Elongation Index were maintained well below 15%. FINE AGGREGATE: Locally available Narmada River sand was used as fine aggregates. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as which is pure and safe for drinking purpose fine aggregate. The river sand and crushed sand is used in mixture as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS: 383. The river sand is washed and screened, to abolish deadly materials and over size particles. S.N Test o Fine Aggregat e Coarse Aggregate 20 10 mm mm 1 Fineness 3.36 7.54 3.19 Modulus 2 Specific Gravity 2.60 2.70 2.70 3 Water 1.50 0.50 0.50 Absorptio n (%) 4 Bulk Density (gm/cc) 1753 174 1 171 1 Table2: Properties of Aggregates. WATER: Water is an important constituent of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water can be use for mixing. RHA: RHA obtained from field burning then collected and send to the laboratory The RHA was carefully homogenized and prepared for the testing purpose. The Physical Properties of RHA are shown Below: WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 129
S.No Particulars Properties 1 Color Gray 2 Shape texture Irregular 3 Mineralogy Non Crystalline 4 Particle Size <45 Micron 5 Odour Odourless 6 Specific Gravity 2.3 7 Appearance Very Fine Table 3: Physical Properties of RHA DETAILS OF SPECIMENS PREPARED: 150mm x 150mm x 150mm Cube specimens for Compressive strength. 150 mm x 300 mm Cylindrical specimen for Split tensile strength. 100 mm x 100mm x 500 mm Beam specimen of Flexural Testing. MIX DESIGN: IS-Code method of mix design was used for mix design of M-30 grade of concrete. The preferred characteristic strength of 30 N/mm 2 at 28 days was used in this study. IS 456 method was applied in designing the mix. Cubes, Cylinders and Beams were prepared for this study in 5 sets. All set were prepared in control mix of water cement ratio 0.42. Three samples from each set of the mix were tested at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days for compressive strength and Split Tensile Strength, and 28 days for flexural strength. The quantities of ingredient materials & mix proportions as per design are as under. Material Proportion by Weight in kg Weight Cement 1 430.00 F.A 1.26 542.91 C.A 2.85 1226.36 (20mm) W/C Ratio 0.42 180.6 Ltr Table 4: Detail of Concrete Mix TEST RESULTS SLUMP TEST (WORKABILITY) S.No RHA (%) Weight of RHA in Mix (Kg) Slump Value, mm 1 0 00 40 2 10 43 37 3 20 86 35 4 30 129 32 5 40 172 28 Table 5: Workability Test results Slump Value in, mm 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 WORKABILITY TEST OF CONCRETE 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% RHA% Graph 1: Workability testing of concrete Mix. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 130 Slump Value
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: Compressive strength of concrete can be represented as the performance of concrete subjected to ultimate load. The tests were performed on concrete specimens varying from the age of 7 days to 28 days and each point presented in the graphical plots were taken from the average of 3 readings. Mix 0 % Average Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) 7 days 14 days 28 days (Control) 28.23 34.4 39.15 10% 29.14 36.23 40.27 20% 29.75 36.95 41.15 30% 31.27 38.15 44.36 40% 28.15 33.25 38.80 Table 6: Details of Compressive Strength test. Compressive Strength, N/mm 2 Fig 1: Compressive Strength testing in CTM. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 50 CONCRETE CUBES 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 10 5 0 0 % (Control)10% 20% 30% 40% RHA % Graph2:Compressive Strength testing of concrete cubes. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 131
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST: Specimens were taken out from curing tank at age of 7, 14 and 28 days curing and tested after cleaning the surface water. The split tensile strength of concrete is determined by casting cylinders of size 150 mm X 300 mm. The cylinders were tested by placing them horizontally on the steel plates. Mix Average Split Tensile Strength (N/mm 2 ) 7 days 14 days 28 days CM 2.46 2.77 3.18 10% 2.58 2.92 3.30 20% 2.65 3.05 3.42 30% 2.82 3.23 3.63 40% 2.40 2.65 3.10 Table 7: Details of Split Tensile Strength test. Split Tensile Strength, N/mm 2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 4 2 0 0 % (Control) 10% 20% 30% 40% RHA% Graph3: Split Tensile Strength testing of concrete cylinders. Fig 2: Split tensile Strength testing in CTM. 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 132
FLEXURAL STRENGTH: The flexural strength test was done using Third point loading (flexural strength) machine, in compliance to IS 516:1959.Flexural strength of concrete can be represented as the performance of concrete subjected to ultimate load under loading condition. S.No RHA % 7 Days strength, N/mm 2 28 Days strength, N/mm 2 Average of 3 samples 1 0 5.30 6.75 2 10 5.41 6.82 3 20 5.63 7.03 4 30 5.85 7.32 5 40 5.27 6.66 Table 8: Details of Flexural Strength test. Fig 3: Flexural Strength testing in Third point loading apparatus. Flexural Strength, N/mm 2 TEST FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 7 Days 28 Days 1 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% RHA % Graph4: Flexural Strength testing of concrete Beam. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 133
28 DAYS PERCENTAGE INCREASE: Average Mix Compressiv e Strength, % Split Tensile Strength Flexural Strength, %, % 10 2.78 3.36 1.02 % 20 4.86 7.01 3.98 % 30 % 11.74 12.39 7.78 Percentage 40 % -0.90-2.58-1.35 Table 9: 28 Days percentage increase with 15 comparison to control mix 11.74 12.39 10 7.01 7.78 5 4.86 2.78 3.36 3.98 1.02 0 10% 20% 30% 0.9 40% 5 2.58 1.35 Compressive Strength RHA % Split Tensile Strength Flexural Strength CALCULATION OF OPTIMUM RHA CONTENT From the test result conducted in different days with the different percentage of RHA it is observed that the optimum content of RHA in concrete mixes is 30 % replacing by weight of cement. The variation of compressive, split tensile and flexural strength with the different percentage of RHA can be concluded from the curve shown in above graph. CONCLUDING REMARKS Due to addition of rice Husk ash, concrete becomes cohesive and more plastic and thus permits easier placing and finishing of concrete. As the replacement of cement by RHA in concrete increases, the workability of concrete decreases. Due to the water absorption effects of RHA, More amount of water is required for getting desired workability. The optimum addition of RHA as partial replacement for cement is in the range 0-30%. The Compressive Strengths, Split Tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete reduced as the Graph5: 28 Days percentage increase. WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 134
percentage RHA replacement increased after 30 %. By using the Rice husk ash in concrete as replacement the emission of green house gases can be decreased to a greater extent. As a result there is greater possibility to gain more number of carbon credits. The utilization of RHA holds promising prospects in the country because it softens the impact on the environment & capital cost of the structure. REASON FOR INCREASE IN the microfiller effect when fine RHA is used. REASON FOR DECREASE IN STRENGTH (AFTER 30% REPLACEMENT): due to the hydration process is not sufficient to react with all the available silica from the addition of RHA and thus, the silica will act as inert material and will not contribute to the strength development except for the fine RHA where it can be considered as a microfiller. REFERENCES: IS: 8112-1989. Specifications for 43-Grade Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, and New Delhi, India. I.S: 516-1959. Method of test for STRENGTH (UPTO 30% strength of concrete, Bureau of REPLACEMENT): Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1959. The increase in strength is due to the pozzolanic reaction of the available silica from RHA and the amount of C-H available from the hydration process and also due to I.S:2386 (Part I, IV, VI)-1988. Indian standard Method of test for aggregate for concrte, Bureau of Indian Standards, Reaffirmed, New Delhi, 2000. IS: 1199-1959. Indian Standards Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. The decrease in the strength by increasing RHA replacement level is due to the reduction in the cement amount and as a result of that, the released amount of C-H I.S: 10262-198. Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian Standards, reaffirmed, New Delhi 1999 and IS: WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 135
456:2000 Indian standard recommended guidelines for concrete mix design. IS: 383-1970,Indianstandardof specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete(second revision). Patnaikuni I et al (2014) performance of rice husk ash concrete exposed to sea water 6 thsastech 2014, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 24-25 March, 2014. Organized by Khavaran Institute of Higher Education. Maurice E et al. (2015) Compressive strength of concrete with rice husk ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 1(2), pp. 32-36, May 2015, ISSN 2276-8955 2015 Scholarly-Journals. Marthong C (2015) Effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Replacement of Cement on Concrete Properties. Civil Engineering Department, Shillong Polytechnic, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, 793008, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 1 Issue 6, August 2015 Huang S, Jing S, Wang JF, Wang ZW and Jin Y. Silica white obtained from rice husk in a fluidized bed. Powder Technology (Lausanne), 2001; 117:232-238. Ephraim et. al, (2015): Compressive Strength of Concrete with RHA as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Scholarly Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 1(2) pp 32-36. Kalyan Kumar Moulick - Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement by Rice Husk Ash to produce Concrete of Grade M20, M25 and M30-2013 Asian Conference on Civil, Material and Environmental Sciences (ACCMES'2013) 15th to 17th March, 2013; Tokyo, Japan. AlirezaNajiGivi, Suraya Abdul Rashid, Farah Nora A. Aziz and Mohamad AmranMohdSalleh, WWW.IJATSER.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 136
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