DISCOVERIES AT NET ZERO. Michael Leckman Diamond Schmitt Architects Chris Piche Integral Group

DISCOVERIES AT NET ZERO Michael Leckman Diamond Schmitt Architects Chris Piche Integral Group

DISCOVERIES AT NET ZERO So, what is a Net Zero Energy building? A building achieves Net Zero Energy when it is so well insulated, and has such efficient systems, and the annual energy consumption is so low that a reasonable budget can be allocated for renewable energy to put back into the electrical grid and offset the energy used. Reducing to BEST PRACTICE RANGE in every category

DISCOVERIES AT NET ZERO So, what is a Net Zero Energy building? A building achieves Net Zero energy when it is so well insulated, and has such efficient systems, and the annual energy consumption is so low that a reasonable budget can be allocated for renewable energy to put back into the electrical grid and offset the energy used. Then committing to produce RENEWABLE ENERGY

HOW DO YOU GET TO NET ZERO? HAVE A WELL STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS

HOW DO YOU GET TO NET ZERO? HAVE A WELL STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS EFFORT MAP

HOW DO YOU GET TO NET ZERO? HAVE A WELL STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS COST TRANSFER FROM SYSTEMS TO ARCHITECTURE

HOW DO YOU GET TO NET ZERO? LEARN FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO

LEARNING FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO: CENTRE FOR GREEN CITIES CERTIFIED LEED PLATINUM TYPICAL FOR THIS BUILDING TYPE AS DESIGNED 395 EUI 128 EUI 128

LEARNING FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO: ALGONQUIN COLLEGE ACCE CERTIFIED LEED PLATINUM TYPICAL FOR THIS BUILDING TYPE AS DESIGNED 491 EUI 142 EUI

LEARNING FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO: OKANAGAN COLLEGE TREP TARGETING LEED PLATINUM TYPICAL FOR THIS BUILDING TYPE: 335 EUI AS DESIGNED 0 EUI (74 used + 74 created)

CASE STUDY 1 SIMPLER WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER CENTRE FOR GREEN CITIES, EVERGREEN BRICKWORKS

SIMPLER WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER CENTRE FOR GREEN CITIES DON T USE TOO MANY SYSTEMS IN THIS CASE HYDRONIC HEATING, VAV, ACCESS FLOOR VAV, NATURAL VENTILATION, BIO MASS BOILER, ABSORPTION CHILLER, SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING IT WAS MEANT TO BE A LIVING LAB OF SYSTEMS DON T HAVE SYSTEMS FIGHTING EACH OTHER, AND COMBINATIONS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO COMMISSION NATURAL VENTILATION CHIMNEYS MAY NOT BE RIGHT FOR ALL BUILDINGS IN ALL CLIMATES RENEWABLES WERE REDUCED TO DEMONSTRATION SYSTEMS WITHOUT CONTRIBUTING ENOUGH TO THE OVERALL ENERGY BUDGET

CASE STUDY 2 SIMPLER THAN BRICKWORKS ALGONQUIN COLLEGE LEED PLATINUM CERTIFIED

SIMPLER, IN REACTION TO BRICKWORKS, WAS BETTER ALGONQUIN COLLEGE LEED PLATINUM CERTIFIED DESPITE RARELY BEING USED IN COLLEGE BUILDINGS DUE TO IMPACT ON FLOOR AREA, WE USED ONLY ONE SYSTEM FLOOR MOUNTED HEAT PUMPS; THEY EFFICIENTLY BALANCE HEATING AND COOLING LOADS AND USE WATER TO DELIVER ENERGY DESPITE THE BUILDING LENGTH, WE USED ONLY ONE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH 90% EFFICIENCY IN OTTAWA S CLIMATE, WE USED AN ATRIUM FOR DAY LIGHTING, STUDY SPACES, AND FOR NATURAL VENTILATION

CASE STUDY 3 SIMPLE ENOUGH TO JUSTIFY RENEWABLES OKANAGAN COLLEGE TREP Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

OKANAGAN COLLEGE SOUTH FACADE Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

OKANAGAN COLLEGE ATRIUM Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

OKANAGAN COLLEGE - ATRIUM and NATURAL VENTILATION

OKANAGAN COLLEGE INTERIOR DAYLIGHTING Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

OKANAGAN COLLEGE RADIANT SLAB AND SOLAR SHADING Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

OKANAGAN COLLEGE CAMPUS Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC Diamond Schmitt Architects

BUILDING CROSS-SECTION PV Arrays on Concrete Roof Structure Timber Atrium Roof and PV Panels Concrete Roof Structure Classrooms Open Study Areas Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Entrance Open Study and Cafe Shops Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC

LEARNING FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO: OKANAGAN COLLEGE TREP TARGETING LEED PLATINUM TYPICAL FOR THIS BUILDING TYPE: 335 EUI AS DESIGNED 0 EUI (74 used + 74 created)

LEARNING FROM YOUR PORTFOLIO: OKANAGAN COLLEGE TREP TARGETING LEED PLATINUM TYPICAL FOR THIS BUILDING TYPE: 335 EUI AS DESIGNED 0 EUI (74 used + 74 created) 74 peui ENERGY USED = 74 peui ENERGY CREATED

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? DESIGN THE BUILDING FOR EXTREME ENERGY CONSERVATION 16 COMMANDMENTS Ensure Net Zero is a priority in every decision Design with more solid walls (R20) than glass (R7) Use high R-values, and low thermal-bridging Develop efficient and compact volumes Recognize solar heat gain in site planning and functional anning Provide 100% exterior sunshades to reduce summer cooling Allow generous direct sunlight in the winter to reduce winter ating Avoid an air conditioning system for supplemental cooling Use natural ventilation and night cooling Greatly reduce the use of electricity in lights and appliances Use hydronic heating and cooling Use a concrete structure it s best for hydronic systems Use displacement ventilation it uses the least fan power

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? DESIGN THE BUILDING FOR EXTREME ENERGY CONSERVATION 16 COMMANDMENTS Ensure Net Zero is a priority in every decision Design with more solid walls (R20) than glass (R7) Use high R-values, and low thermal-bridging Develop efficient and compact volumes Recognize solar heat gain in site planning and functional anning Provide 100% exterior sunshades to reduce summer cooling Allow generous direct sunlight in the winter to reduce winter ating Avoid an air conditioning system for supplemental cooling Use natural ventilation and night cooling Greatly reduce the use of electricity in lights and equipment Use hydronic heating and cooling Use a concrete structure even for the roof it s best for dronic systems

Design Cooling Demand (BTU/hr-ft2) Envelope and HVAC Interaction Typical Internal Heat Gains for Space Cooling 8.0 6.0 People Receptacles Lights 4.0 2.0 0.0 Typical DesignVery Efficient Design Courtesy of Steve Kemp

Design Cooling Demand (BTU/hr-ft2) Envelope and HVAC Interaction Typical Internal Heat Gains for Space Cooling + Solar Gains 50% WWR and solar control low-e clear window 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 Solar Gains People Receptacles Lights 0.0 Typical DesignVery Efficient Design Courtesy of Steve Kemp

Courtesy of Steve Kemp

OKANAGAN COLLEGE ACTUAL R-20 R-VALUES R-15 R-2.2 WINDOW TO WALL RATIO AT OC: 28% SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT AT OC: 0.40 U VALUE AT OC: 0.45

Courtesy of Steve Kemp

OKANAGAN COLLEGE ACTUAL R-20 R-VALUES R-15 R-2.2 APPROXIMATE OVERALL BUILDING R-VALUE OC: R8.3 APPROXIMATE OVERALL BUILDING R-VALUE ACCE: R13 APPROXIMATE OVERALL BUILDING R-VALUE CANMET: R13

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? DESIGN THE BUILDING FOR EXTREME ENERGY CONSERVATION 16 COMMANDMENTS Ensure Net Zero is a priority in every decision Design with more solid walls (R20) than glass (R7) Use high R-values, and low thermal-bridging Develop efficient and compact volumes Recognize solar heat gain in site planning and functional anning Provide 100% exterior sunshades to reduce summer cooling Allow generous direct sunlight in the winter to reduce winter ating Avoid an air conditioning system for supplemental cooling Use natural ventilation and night cooling Greatly reduce the use of electricity in lights and equipment Use hydronic heating and cooling Use a concrete structure even for the roof it s best for dronic systems

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? HYDRONIC HEATING and COOLING

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? SOLAR SHADING, NATURAL VENTILATION

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? SOLAR SHADING, NATURAL VENTILATION Solar shading screens Solar shading fins Deep Overhangs

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? DEDICATED BUDGET FOR RENEWABLES - PV ARRAYS PV Panels PV Panels PV Panels

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? DEDICATED BUDGET FOR RENEWABLES WASTE HEAT FROM A NEARBY WATER TREATMENT PLANT WATER TREATMENT PLANT OKANAGAN COLLEGE Trades Renewal and Expansion Project OKANAGAN COLLEGE, Kelowna BC Diamond Schmitt Architects

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL BASELINE ENERGY MODEL Space Cooling 4% Pumps & Aux 0% Vent Fans 9% Domestic Hot Wtr 3% Interior Lighting 15% Misc. Equipment 13% Space Heating 56%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL APRIL 1 st 2014 SCHEME 40% SAVINGS Interior Lighting 6% Misc. Equipment 16% Energy Savings 40% Space Heating 15% Domestic Hot Wtr 4% Vent Fans 10% Pumps & Aux 2% Space Cooling 7%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL APRIL 8th 2014 SCHEME MORE DETAIL ON MISC EQUIPMT Interior Lighting 4% Misc. Equipment 21% Energy Savings 42% Space Heating 13% Domestic Hot Wtr 4% Vent Fans 9% Pumps & Aux 2% Space Cooling 5%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL MAY 1 st 2014 SCHEME OPTIMIZED WINDOW AREA Interior Lighting 4% Misc. Equipment 21% Energy Savings 48% Space Heating 8% Pumps & Aux 2% Space Cooling 5% Domestic Hot Wtr 4% Vent Fans 8%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL OCTOBER 14 th 2014 SCHEME VENT FANS OPTIMIZED Interior Lighting 6% Misc. Equipment 22% Energy Savings 47% Space Heating 8% Space Cooling 3% Domestic Hot Wtr 3% Vent Fans 4% Pumps & Aux 7%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL OCTOBER 31 st 2014 SCHEME TENDER DRWGS Interior Lighting 7% Energy Savings 47% Misc. Equipment 22% Space Heating 7% Space Cooling 4% Domestic Hot Wtr 3% Vent Fans 4% Pumps & Aux 6%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL DECEMBER 11 th 2014 SCHEME SCHEDULED EQUIP USAGE Interior Lighting 7% Misc. Equipment 13% Energy Savings 51% Space Heating 11% Space Cooling 4% Pumps & Aux 6% Vent Fans Domestic Hot Wtr 5% 3%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL 90.8 kwh 86.8 77.8 79.9 80.8 74 kwh Energy End Use Interior Lighting Misc. Equipment Fuel Type Space Heating Space Cooling Pumps & Aux Vent Fans Domestic Hot Wtr EUI (kwh/m 2 /Annum) Baseline kwh / m2 / Year 1-Apr-14 8-Apr-14 1-May-14 14-Oct-14 31-Oct-14 11-Dec-14 Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / Year Year Year Year Year Year 22.9 9.0 5.6 5.7 8.5 10.7 10.7 19.3 23.5 31.4 31.4 33.8 33.8 19.3 84.4 23.3 19.8 12.4 11.4 10.6 17.1 6.2 11.3 8.4 7.4 4.8 5.6 5.3-2.9 2.6 2.5 11.2 9.6 9.6 13.5 15.0 13.2 12.6 5.7 6.0 7.5 4.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.5 4.5 4.5 150.8 90.8 86.8 77.8 79.9 80.8 74.0 60% 58% 52% 53% 54% 49%

HOW DO WE GET TO NET ZERO? RESPOND CRITICALLY TO YOUR ENERGY MODEL 90.8 kwh 86.8 77.8 79.9 80.8 74 kwh Energy End Use Interior Lighting Misc. Equipment Space Heating Space Cooling Pumps & Aux Vent Fans Domestic Hot Wtr Fuel Type EUI (kwh/m 2 /Annum) Baseline kwh / m2 / Year 1-Apr-14 8-Apr-14 1-May-14 14-Oct-14 31-Oct-14 11-Dec-14 Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / kwh / m2 / Year Year Year Year Year Year 22.9 9.0 5.6 5.7 8.5 10.7 10.7 19.3 23.5 31.4 31.4 33.8 33.8 19.3 84.4 23.3 19.8 12.4 11.4 10.6 17.1 6.2 11.3 8.4 7.4 4.8 5.6 5.3-2.9 2.6 2.5 11.2 9.6 9.6 13.5 15.0 13.2 12.6 5.7 6.0 7.5 4.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 4.5 4.5 4.5 150.8 90.8 86.8 77.8 79.9 80.8 74.0 60% 58% 52% 53% 54% 49%

AFTER LEED: CHANGES IN THINKING AT NET ZERO When you target Net Zero, a more energy efficient design yields immediate savings in capital cost

SAVING ENERGY AND SAVING CAPITAL COSTS

ONCE YOU VE COMMITTED TO NET ZERO ENERGY FOR EVERY peui YOU SAVE, YOU SPEND LESS ON PV Save $16,013 per kwh

ONCE YOU VE COMMITTED TO NET ZERO ENERGY FOR EVERY peui YOU SAVE, YOU SPEND LESS ON PV When we did more careful analysis of plug-loads, using recent client data, we saved 13 kwh, without changing anything else about the building. That analysis saved $208,169 of photo voltaic array.

ONCE YOU VE COMMITTED TO NET ZERO ENERGY FOR EVERY peui YOU SAVE, YOU SPEND LESS ON PV The difference between our April and December schemes was 16 kwh, equal to $256,000 of PV array.

THERMAL MASS BUILDINGS BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY When a room is empty, sensors tell a computerized mechanical system to turn off the lights, reduce air flow, adjust heating and cooling

THERMAL MASS BUILDINGS BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY And naturally, you d expect the building to use more energy when it is occupied than when it is empty

THERMAL MASS BUILDINGS BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY except in concrete buildings using hydronic heating

THE OC TREP BUILDING IS SO EFFICIENT THAT, DURING THE DAY, A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF HEAT IS PROVIDED BY THE SUN, PEOPLE, LIGHTS, AND COMPUTERS

AT NIGHT, WITHOUT ALL THOSE SOURCES OF HEAT, THE MECHANICAL SYSTEM HAS TO KEEP THE CONCRETE SLAB AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE NOT TOO WARM OR COOL

SO, TREP USES MORE ENERGY AT NIGHT THAN DURING THE DAY MORE EMPTY THAN WHEN FULLY OCCUPIED. THE OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE WE ANALYZED FOR 12 MONTHS WAS LESS IMPORTANT THAN WE THOUGHT.

WHERE IS IT LOSING ALL THAT HEAT? THE WINDOWS. BETTER WINDOWS, OR INSULATED SHUTTERS, WILL MAKE FUTURE BUILDINGS MUCH BETTER - BETTER THAN NET ZERO, MAYBE NET POSITIVE

DISCOVERIES AT NET ZERO On the way to Net Zero energy, you and your team will find that: Efficient systems and efficient envelope design shift peaks in your heating loads Greater simplicity will bring greater efficiency Minor electrical loads have glaring impacts on total energy consumption Occupancy schedule determines less than solar gain and solar shading Better building performance means lower cost of renewables The opportunity to reduce the cost of renewables to save money by improving energy performance profoundly changes thinking about energy efficiency THANK YOU Michael Leckman Diamond Schmitt Architects Chris Piche Integral Group