International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 217, pp. 3 35, Article ID: IJMET_8_5_32 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=8&itype=5 ISSN Print: 976-634 and ISSN Online: 976-6359 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed FABRICATION AND TESTING OF AUTOMOBILE POLLUTANTS ABSORBERS K. G. V. Jayaram, V. Raghukalyan, H. Jeevitesh Final Year Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering; KL University, Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. K. V. Ramana Professor; Department of Mechanical Engineering; KL University, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Pollution is the major problem in the universe, air pollution being one of the predominant among them. Air pollution is mainly caused due to the exhaust gases coming out of the vehicles and Industries. This is caused mainly due to burning of fuel and gases emanating from chimneys. In an effort to control this pollution, a combination of bio-degradable materials have been selected to absorb major pollutants namely Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) and Hydro Carbons (HC) from automobile vehicles. Experimental work has been carried out on a four stroke petrol engine with the help of exhaust gas analyser. The readings are tabulated and plotted. It is observed that the absorbers are absorbing the gases effectively during the period of investigation. Key words: Automobile exhausts, Absorbers, Gas Analyser Cite this Article: K. G. V. Jayaram, V. Raghukalyan, H. Jeevitesh and Dr. K. V. Ramana, Fabrication and Testing of Automobile Pollutants Absorbers. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 217, pp. 3 35. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=8&itype=5 1. INTRODUCTION Air pollution is caused by poisonous gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and very small particulates. It is also caused by the smoke and harmful gases released by the fires and factories. Use of coal, wood and kerosene as fuels for fire also causes air pollution. Air pollution may cause breathing problems such as asthma or other health hazards. It also causes diseases like cancer. Table - 1 gives different types of pollution and their damage. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 3 editor@iaeme.com
K. G. V. Jayaram, V. Raghukalyan, H. Jeevitesh and Dr. K. V. Ramana Table 1 Types of pollution S.NO Type Of Pollution Harmfulness (%) 1 Air Pollution 7.22 2 Water Pollution 68.52 3 Land Pollution 68.73 4 Noise & Light Pollution 57.97 2. AUTOMOBILE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR ABSORBERS Particulate Matter (PM). These particles of soot and metals give smog its murky colour. Fine particles less than one-tenth the diameter of a human hair pose the most serious threat to human health, as they can penetrate deep into lungs. PM is a direct (primary) pollution. Diesel exhaust is a major contributor to PM pollution. Hydrocarbons (HC). These pollutants react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone, a primary ingredient in smog. Though beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at the ground level this gas irritates the respiratory system, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. Nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants cause lung irritation and weaken the body's defences against respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza. In addition, they assist in the formation of ground level ozone and particulate matter. Carbon monoxide (CO). This odourless, colourless, and poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks. When inhaled, CO blocks oxygen from the brain, heart, and other vital organs. Foetuses, newborn children, and people with chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of CO. Sulphur dioxide (SO2). Power plants and motor vehicles create this pollutant by burning sulphur-containing fuels, especially diesel. Sulphur dioxide can react in the atmosphere to form fine particles and poses the largest health risk to young children and asthmatics. Hazardous air pollutants (toxics). These chemical compounds have been linked to birth defects, cancer, and other serious illnesses. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the air toxics emitted from cars and trucks which include Benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1, 3-butadiene account for half of all cancers caused by air pollution. Greenhouse gases. Motor vehicles also emit pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, that contribute to global climate change. In fact, cars and trucks account for over one-fifth of global warming pollution. Transportation, which includes freight, trains, and airplanes, accounts for around thirty percent of all heat-trapping gas emissions. Much of the vehicular air pollution can be avoided by maintaining proper speed of the vehicles. Vehicles stranding on the road crossing or in traffic jams cause more pollution. The quantity of harmful emissions decreases with increasing speed as given in Table 2 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 31 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Testing of Automobile Pollutants Absorbers Table 2 Emission from Vehicles at varied Speeds (gm/km) Speed (Km/hr) 1 25 5 Auto Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons 33.2 4.47 21.2 2.6 9.8 1.3 Bus Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons 22.6 5.7 14.6 2.3 8.2. 3. FABRICATION AND TESTING OF PROTOTYPE For most common hazardous pollutants, absorbing materials which bio-degradable are selected and presented in Table 3 Table 3 Selection of absorbers S.No 1 2 3 4 Pollutant Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) Sulphur Oxides ( SOX ) Hydro Carbons ( HC ) Absorber CuCl2 NaOH, Soda Lime Soda Lime Soda Lime Fig 1 shows absorbers obtained from specimen maker, after time testing to ensure their retaining of shape and size Figure 1 Absorber material specimens The billets are inserted in a wooden plank of 19 * 15 and thickness 12 mm with nine holes of 3 mm diameter as shown in the Fig 2 Figure 2 Positioning of billets http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 32 editor@iaeme.com
K. G. V. Jayaram, V. Raghukalyan, H. Jeevitesh and Dr. K. V. Ramana Testing has been done using the exhaust gas analyser which shows the pollutants such as CO, CO 2, SO X,HC and O 2 that are coming from vehicle as shown in Fig 3 Figure 3 Exhaust gas analyser 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Measurements are taken on 3 different dates at specific time to take up a relative study. Readings are taken before insertion and after insertion of pollutant absorbers. Experimental results are tabulated as given in Table.4. Table 4 Experimental Results BEFORE INCORPORATION OF ABSORBERS Date Time CO (%) CO 2 (%) SO X HC (PPM) (PPM) 17/3/217 9:3 5.796 3.48 278 77 Trail No AFTER INCORPORATION OF ABSORBERS 17/3/217 1: 4.344 2.81 252 567 1 17/3/217 12: 3.954 2.49 2189 498 17/3/217 14: 3.356 2.19 1793 459 17/3/217 17: 3.317 2.16 1695 46 21/3/217 1: 3.53 2.9 1275 351 2 21/3/217 12: 2.978 1.81 11 339 21/3/217 14: 2.68 1.8 982 275 21/3/217 17: 2.517 1.64 894 239 25/3/217 1: 2.417 1.57 889 211 3 25/3/217 12: 2.356 1.22 733 143 25/3/217 14: 2.34 1.2 664 19 25/3/217 17: 1.96 1.2 493 1 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 33 editor@iaeme.com
Fabrication and Testing of Automobile Pollutants Absorbers Figs 4 to 7 indicates the absorption of pollutants during the experimental study 5 Absorption (%) 4 3 2 1 3 1: 12: 14: 17: Time Fig 4 Absorption of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Absorption (%) 2 1 1: 12: Time 14: 17: Fig 5 Absorption of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Absorption (PPM) Absorption (PPM) 3 25 2 15 1 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 1: 12: Time 14: 17: Fig 6 Absorption of Sulphur Oxides (SO x ) 1: 12: Time 14: 17: Fig 7 Absorption of Hydro Carbons (HC) http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 34 editor@iaeme.com
K. G. V. Jayaram, V. Raghukalyan, H. Jeevitesh and Dr. K. V. Ramana 5. COST ANALYSIS The cost analysis has been presented for exposed area of exhaust gas absorbers of size 19 x 15 x 12 mm 3. Each plank of absorber costs 117 /- for carbon monoxide and 27 /- for sulphur oxides, carbon di-oxide and hydrocarbons. Total cost of the absorbers is 144 /- (Excluding the cost of wood) for the selected size of 2 planks. The cost is in direct relation to the size of absorber planks that can be arranged in the real environment. 6. CONCLUSIONS In this project an attempt has been made to fabricate and investigate experimentally, an exhaust gas absorbing device. The absorbers selected based on the exhaust gases are commercially available and also economical for easy replacement over a definite period of time interval. The set-up fabricated is found to be effective to absorb exhaust gases during the period of investigation. REFERENCES [1] http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/pollution/vehicular-pollution-in-india-2118- words/19796/. [2] https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/country_result.jsp?country=india. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/air_pollution. [4] Tamer Elgohary and Moussa S. El-Bisy. Air Pollution in Ports and its Effect on Cargo Operation (Alex Harbour as Case of Study). International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6 (9), 215, pp. 14-25 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 35 editor@iaeme.com