Yield and Nutrient Accumulation of KDML 105 Rice as Influenced by Farmyard Manure and Wood Vinegar

368 Yield and Nutrient Accumulation of KDML 105 Rice as Influenced by Farmyard Manure and Wood Vinegar Lyda Hok, Darunee Jothityangkoon* and Anan Polthanee Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 ABSTRACT Organic agriculture has been of great interest. The farmer s field experiment was carried out in Moung village, Khon Kaen province during rainy season from July to November 2007 to investigate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) and wood vinegar (WV) on grain yield and nutrient accumulation of KDML 105 rice. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicatio. Six treatments were 1) control (no input application), 2) WV at 300 times dilution as foliar application, 3) chicken manure (CM) 1.875 t ha -1, 4) cow dung (CD) 6.25 t ha -1, 5) CM 1.875 t ha -1 combined with WV at 300 times dilution as foliar application and 6) CD 6.25 t ha -1 combined with WV at 300 times dilution as foliar application. The results indicated that the application of FYM and WV gave a highly significant effect on grain yield and its components. The maximum grain yields of 3.79 t ha -1 and yield components except panicle number per hill were obtained in CM 1.875 t ha -1 combined with WV 300 times dilution treatment, compared to 1.3 t ha -1 of the control treatment. N and Ca contents in both rice straw and grai were not significantly affected by FYM and WV applicatio. However, a highly significant effect of FYM and WV on P and K contents in rice straw was observed. CM combined with WV and CD combined with WV resulted in the maximum P and K contents in rice straw of 0.087% and 2.529%, respectively. In rice grai, the application of FYM and WV revealed the significant effect on P and K contents. The highest P and K contents were found in CM treatment of 0.206% and 0.305%, respectively. (Key words: organic rice, jasmine rice, chicken manure, cow dung, pyroligneous acid, nutrient content) INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop of Thailand. The main rice-growing region and the home of jasmine or Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) rice, the most famous rice variety, are located in Northeast Thailand. The average rice yield in this region is 1.8 t ha -1, the lowest in the country, compared to average of 2.9 t ha -1 in the central region (Haefele et al., 2006). One of the main factors affecting rice yields is the respoe to fertilizers and efficient use of fertilizers (Doyle, 1966). Nowadays organic agriculture has been introduced to farmers for the great significance of sustainable farming system. Applying farmyard manure (FYM) enables to get steady yields (Murthy, 1978), supplies a variety of macro- and micro-nutrients to the soil and improves the soil properties (Tolessa and Friesen, 2001). There have been a number of researches being done to evaluate the effect of FYM on rice grain yields. Banik et al. (2006) demotrated that the grain yield of rice under inorganic fertilizer treatment was highest during initial three years but the better yield was observed under cow dung manure treatment during three subsequent years. Wood vinegar has been introduced into organic agriculture in Thailand. Wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid is a condeed liquid generated from the gas and combustion of fresh wood burning in airless condition by charcoal production. It is used in crop production towards soil quality improvement, pest elimination and plant growth stimulation (FFTC, 2005). The combined application of wood vinegar at 300 times dilution with chicken manure increased the yield components and grain yield of rice compared to other treatments with the average yield of 5.13 t ha -1 (Tipparak et al., 2007). It is known that the application of FYM and wood vinegar has increased the grain yield of rice. However, their

effects on nutrient accumulation in various parts that might have a coequent effect on seed and grain quality are still lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate (a) the effect of farmyard manure or wood vinegar alone and (b) promotional effects of wood vinegar in combination with FYM on yield and nutrient accumulation of KDML 105 rice grown under rain-fed condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental site, soil and farmyard manure The experiment was carried out at a rain-fed farmer s field at Khon Kaen province in Northeast Thailand during rainy season from July to November 2007 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicatio of 5 m x 4 m plot size. The initial properties of the soil (0-15 cm depth) and farmyard manure were shown in Table 1. Table 1 Properties of soil and farmyard manure EC OM Total Total Total Total Avai. P Exch. K Exch. Ca Texture ph (ms/cm) (%) N(%) P (%) K (%) Ca(%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Soil sand 5.54 0.04 0.316 0.021 ND ND ND 9.99 85.58 1,117 CM 7.31 9.74 51.075 3.223 2.5 4.42 0.852 ND ND ND CD 7.38 9.4 37.126 1.442 0.263 3.277 1.048 ND ND ND CM=chicken manure, CD=cow dung, EC=electrical conductivity, OM=organic matter, ND=not determined Cultivation, treatments and sampling Thirty-day-old rice seedlings were traplanted at 25 cm x 25 cm spacing on 19 th July and harvested on 21 st November 2007. The six treatments coisted of control (no input application), wood vinegar (WV) at 300 times dilution as foliar application, chicken manure (CM) 1.875 t ha -1, cow dung (CD) 6.25 t ha -1, CM 1.875 t ha -1 combined with WV at 300 times dilution as foliar application and CD 6.25 t ha -1 combined with WV at 300 times dilution as foliar application. Before traplanting 10 days, 1.25 t ha -1 of CM and 4.9 t ha -1 of CD were applied as basal application to the given treatments. Top dressing were made at flowering stage at the rate of 0.625 t ha -1 for CM and 1.35 t ha -1 for CD treatments. Foliar application of 300 times dilution of WV was made at 14 days interval after traplanting until seven days before harvesting at the rate of 375 L ha -1 for each application. At harvest, data collection on yields and yield components was made on 10-hill samples from each plot. Grain yields were recorded by harvesting the undisturbed area of 6 m 2 (117 hills) from the middle of each plot and then adjusted to 14% moisture content. Plant samples were taken, oven-dried at 70 C, ground and then used for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) content determination. Statistical analysis Grain yields and nutrient contents were analyzed statistically by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques and Duncan s multiple range test (DMRT) was employed to assess the differences between the treatment mea at the 5% level of probability using M-STATC software. RESULTS Yield components and grain yield of KDML 105 rice as affected by farmyard manure (FYM) and wood vinegar (WV) Application of FYM solely or in combination with WV had highly significant effect on panicle number per hill, number of grai per panicle, 1 000 grain weight and filled grain weight (Table 2). The maximum number of panicle per 369

370 hill, 1 000 grain weight and filled grain weight were observed in the application of CM combined with WV. Although the maximum number of grain per panicle was obtained in CD combined with WV, there was no statistical difference to the application CM combined with WV. Application of WV alone had no statistical difference over the control treatment. However, there was a slight improvement in those yield contributing characters (Table 2). There was a highly significant respoe of grain yields to application of FYM solely or in combination with WV (Table 2). The lowest grain yield of 1.302 t ha -1 was obtained in the control treatment. The foliar application of WV alone was not statistically different from the control treatment. However, the grain yield was slightly increased as rice applied with 1.875 t ha -1 CM and 6.25 t ha -1 of CD had the average yields of 3.509 t ha -1 and 3.042 t ha -1, respectively. Using FYM with WV statistically increased grain yields compared to the use of FYM alone. Rice applied with CM and WV produced 3.793 t ha -1 grain yields and of 3.386 t ha -1 when applied with 6.25 t ha -1 of CD and WV (Table 2). The highest grain yield was obtained in combined application of CM with WV. Nutrient contents of KDML 105 rice as affected by farmyard manure (FYM) and wood vinegar (WV) There was no a significant effect on N and Ca contents in straw of KDML 105 rice at harvest stage due to the application of FYM and WV (Table 3). The maximum N of 0.326% and Ca of 0.367% were observed in CD and CD combined with WV treatments. However, the application of FYM and WV gave the significant effect on P and K contents in rice straw (Table 3). The maximum P of 0.087% and K of 2.529% contents were found when rice applied with CM combined with WV and CD with WV, respectively. Application of FYM and WV either alone or together had no significant effects on N and Ca contents in rice grai. However, the significant effects of FYM and WV on P and K contents were observed as CM gave the highest P and K contents of 0.206% and 0.305%, respectively (Table 3). The maximum N of 0.86% and Ca of 0.029% contents were obtained in the combined applicatio of CD with WV and CM with WV, respectively. DISCUSSIONS The grain yield observed in this research without inputs was 1.3 t ha -1 and is a little lower than the average yield of 1.8 t ha -1 on soils of northeast Thailand (Haefele et al., 2006). The application of FYM significantly increased KDML105 yield compared to control treatment. Rice applied with CM produced a slightly higher grain yield than those applied with CD. Using WV enhanced grain yield by increasing filled grain weight. This finding was similar to Tipparak et al. (2007) who reported that there was a significant increase in the grain yield of rice and its components grown on soil applied with the combination of CM and foliar application of WV. Application of FYM resulted in significant accumulation of P and K, not N and Ca, in both straw and grai. In straw, rice treated with CD accumulated higher K than CM treatment. On the other hand, when rice applied with CM, it had higher P and K contents in grai compared to the application with CD. WV foliarly applied did not significantly alter the accumulation of given nutrient contents in grai. CONCLUSIONS Application of FYM separately or combined with WV had a significant effect on grain yields of KDML105 rice and P and K contents in both rice straw and grai. The application of WV, CM and CD increased the grain yields by 39%, 170% and 134%, respectively, over control treatment. Combined application of CM with WV was the most effective in improving the rice grain yield by 191%. Additional foliar application of WV had the slight promotional effect

on grain yields over the sole application of FYM. Different P and K accumulation in rice seed might have a coequent effect on seed quality. This needs a further investigation. Table 2 Effect of farmyard manure and wood vinegar on yield and yield components of KDML105 rice. Treatments Yield components Grain yield (t ha -1 Panicle Grain Filled grain % filled 1,000-grain ) (no/hill) (no/panicle) weight(g/hill) grain weight (g) 1. control 2. WV 3. CM 1.875 875 t ha -1 4. CD 6.25 875 t ha -1 5. CM 1.875 t ha -1 +WV 6. CD 6.25 t ha -1 +WV 1.302 c 1.805 c 3.509 ab 3.042 b 3.793 a 3.386 ab 4.73 c 5.35 c 9.15 a 6.48 b 9.18 a 7.28 b 68.05 b 70.83 b 113.00 a 110.38 a 107.38 a 113.22 a 7.35 c 9.00 c 18.94 ab 15.12 b 21.02 a 17.71 ab 96.21 97.57 96.72 96.26 97.47 97.76 26.589 b 27.052 b 28.002 a 27.846 a 28.090 a 27.850 a F-test CV (%) 15.04 9.08 14.08 16.78 1.28 1.65 = not significant; = significantly different at p 0.01 Mea in the same column with different letters are significantly different at P 0.05 by DMRT Table 3 Effect of farmyard manure and wood vinegar on nutrient accumulation in straw and grai of KDML 105 rice at harvest stage. Treatments % N % P % K % Ca Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain 1.control 2.WV 3.CM 1.875 t ha -1 4.CD 6.25 t ha -1 5.CM 1.875 t ha -1 +WV 6.CD 6.25 t ha -1 +WV F-test CV 0.303 0.290 0.276 0.326 0.289 0.300 12.35 0.828 0.839 0.848 0.844 0.819 0.860 9.16 0.039 c 0.039 c 0.086 a 0.056 bc 0.087 a 0.073 ab 19.87 0.140 c 0.151 bc 0.206 a 0.163 abc 0.186 ab 0.167 abc * 16.18 2.018 c 1.945 c 2.129 bc 2.408 ab 1.903 c 2.529 a 9.97 0.284 c 0.263 c 0.305 a 0.289 abc 0.295 ab 0.274 bc * 6.35 0.353 0.364 0.343 0.366 0.332 0.367 11.48 371 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.029 0.026 15.85, *; = not significant; significantly different at p 0.05, 0.01, respectively Mea in the same column with different letters are significantly different at p 0.05 by DMRT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the DIVERSEEDS Project funded by the European Commission s 6 th Framework Food Quality and Safety Program for the support of this research. REFERENCES Banik, P., P.K. Ghosal, T.K. Sasmal, S. Bhattacharya, B.K. Sarkar, and D.K. Bagchi. 2006. Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients for soil quality coervation and yield of rainfed low land rice in sub-tropical plateau region. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science 192:331-343. Doyle, J.J. 1966. The Respoe of Rice to Fertilizer. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Italy. FFTC (Food & Fertilizer Technology Center). 2005. Wood Vinegar. Accessed on December 2, 2008. Available at: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library/pt/2005025/

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