IOP Conference Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence PAPER OPEN ACCESS Study on dynamc mult-objectve approach consderng coal and water conflct n large scale coal group To cte ths artcle: Qng Feng and L Lu 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Envron. Sc. 108 042015 Vew the artcle onlne for updates and enhancements. Ths content was downloaded from IP address 148.251.232.83 on 23/08/2018 at 02:51
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 Study on dynamc mult-objectve approach consderng coal and water conflct n large scale coal group Qng Feng 1, L Lu 2, * 1 Busness School, Schuan Unversty, Chengdu, Chna 2 Toursm School, Schuan Unversty, Chengdu, Chna *Correspondng author e-mal: lul_rudy@12.com Abstract. In the process of coal mnng, destructon and polluton of groundwater n has reached an mmnent tme, and groundwater s not only related to the ecologcal envronment, but also affect the health of human lfe. Smlarly, coal and water conflct s stll one of the world's problems n large scale coal mnng regons. Based on ths, ths paper presents a dynamc mult-objectve optmzaton model to deal wth the conflct of the coal and water n the coal group wth multple subordnate colleres and arrve at a comprehensve arrangement to acheve envronmentally frendly coal mnng strategy. Through calculaton, ths paper draws the output of each subordnate coal mne. And on ths bass, we contnue to adjust the envronmental protecton parameters to compare the coal producton at dfferent colleres at dfferent stages under dfferent atttude of the government. At last, the paper conclude that, n ether case, t s the frst arrangement to gve prorty to the producton of low-dranage, hgh-yeld coal mnes. 1. Introducton As one of the most utlzed energy sources, coal accounts for 29.2% of global prmary energy consumpton and s ranked second of all known energy sources, wth total consumpton beng 3839.9 Mtoe (mllon tons of ol equvalent) and Chna possessed approxmately 114.5 bllon tons of proved coal reserves n 2015 accordng to the BP energy statstcal report [1]. Water s also a resource that nobody can lve wthout [2]. In the recent years, due to the development of socety and economy, the demand of energy s ncreasng. Excessve mnng of coal felds n Chna has resulted n a seres of serous envronmental polluton problems, such as groundwater table depresson and regonal water qualty deteroraton, and especally the quanttes of groundwater produced by coal mnng are very tremendous, whch has many pollutants and brng further damage to local ecologcal envronment [3,4]. However water s very mportant for the sustanable development coal felds, so the local government have to thnk about the future and manage the waste water and ts treatment methods through relevant polces. Fortunately, socety has begun to pay more attenton to ths problem, and many relevant scholars have done a great deal of research on ths ssue. Younger and Wolkersdorfer studed the mnng mpacts on the fresh water envronment deeply and proposed the techncal and Manageral Gudelnes [5]. Baker et al. used an ecologc-economc modelng approach based on a created wetland to reduce and control coal mne dranage and developed an optmal model to apply to a real world case n Content from ths work may be used under the terms of the Creatve Commons Attrbuton 3.0 lcence. Any further dstrbuton of ths work must mantan attrbuton to the author(s) and the ttle of the work, journal ctaton and DOI. Publshed under lcence by IOP Publshng Ltd 1
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 Tennessee and Alabama, USA []. Many polces and legal provsons have also been specfed by the government around the world, such as the Mneral Resources Law of the People's Republc of Chna, the Natonal Envronmental Polcy Act of the Unted States and Japan's Mnng Law. More recently, Xu et al. proposed a b-level optmzaton model based on the Stackelberg-Nash equlbrum strategy wth fuzzy coeffcents to deal wth envronmental water problems n large scale coal felds, n whch both the economc development and envronmental protecton are concerned [7,8]. These excellent studes have dfferent vews to protect the water resources produced by coal mnng n coal felds and had already acheved remarkable results. However, n fact, the coal mnng dranage has stll not been fully resolved and further research by scholars s needed. Prevous coal mnng dranage studes have only consdered the sngle perodc decson maker stuaton. however, n fact, the manager needs to consder the long-term survval and development of the company and the long-term nterests of the company cannot separate nto the sngle cycle decson makng duo to the decson of the latter cycle s affected by the end of the prevous cycle state. Accordng to ths stuaton, therefore, dynamc programmng model, whch has been shown to be one of the most effcent tools for representng mult-stage decson makng problem, has the ablty to descrbe ths stuaton. But an enterprse, the man goal of the producton plan of coal mnng enterprses s to maxmze of economc beneft. Therefore, ths paper develops a dynamc balance strategy to solve the conflct between the economy and the ecology n the coal mne group to mprove producton and sales plan. 2. Key Problem Statement To develop a dynamc balance based mult-objectve optmzaton model to balance the conflcts between the economy and the ecology, some necessary background knowledge needs to be ntroduced. In the coal mnng ndustry, there are some small scale enterprses, but the coal group s stll n the absolute domnant poston. Coal groups often have multple mnng area, whch each mnng area has dfferent characterstcs so that the dranage n dfferent mnng areas s not the same. On the one hand, the government should mprove local economc development and at the same tme they make every effort to protect the envronment, especally mne waste, through a varety of scentfc and ratonal polcy measures. On the other hand, for coal companes wth multple mnng areas, they also have the responsblty and oblgaton to protect the envronment whle developng ther economy. As all colleres are ndependent of each other, ndeed, the dfferent mnng area s not the same as the dranage coeffcent, dranage capacty, cost of mnng, maxmum avalable amount and maxmum storage capacty, so the market demand and prce vary. Based on these facts, how to arrange coal mnng plan to become one of the problems that the head offce must face. Based on what we dscussed above, a dynamc mult-objectve programmng model was developed n the next secton to study on the envronmentally regonal development of coal mnng ndustry. 2.1. Model assumpton (1) The mnng capacty of each collery s unlmted. (2) Coal over the mnmum demand part can be sold. 2.2. Symbol Descrpton : Index for collery, = Ψ = 1,2,...,I. t : Index for decson stage, t = Θ = 1,2,...,T. X : The producton quantty of collery at stage t. t t Y : Quantty that collery coal sales at the stage t. P : Prce that collery coal sales at the stage t t C : Cost of coal products at collery at the stage t. h : Unt storage charge of all colleres and all stage. 2
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 S t : The storage quantty of collery at the stage t. U : Unt cost of waste water treatment of collery. E : Per tonnes coal dranage coeffcent for explotaton at collery. u R : The recoverable quantty of coal at collery n the plannng cycle. max CS : Maxmum storage capacty of collery at each stage. SS t mn : Safe stock quantty of collery at each stage. D : The number of market demand that collery needs to meet at the stage t. EP : Maxmum waste water processng ablty at collery at the stage t. : Atttude of the head offce towards the waste water dscharge reducton. 3. Mathematcal Model The dynamc mult-objectve optmzaton model for balancng the conflcts between the economy and the ecology can be mathematcally formulated as followng model 1. T I T I T I T I (1-1) max F1 (1 ) PY C X h S U X E t t t t t t 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 mn F2 Subject to T I X E (1-2) t 1 1 t T u Xt R, (1-3) t 1 St S, t 1 Xt Yt,, t (1-4) S X CS t (1-5) max t, 1 t,, Yt S, t 1 Xt,, t (1-) S mn t SS,, t (1-7) Y D,, t (1-8) t t X E EP,, t (1-9) t X 0,, t (1-10) t Y 0,, t (1-11) t 3
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 Object functon (1-1) represents the maxmum economc benefts that the dfference between the ncome of each coal mne and the consumpton durng the plannng cycle,, whch ncludes the mnng cost of varous coal mnes, nventory costs and waste water treatment costs. Object functon (1-2) represents the total dranage whch are the sum of the dranage at all stages of all coal mnes. Constrant condton (1-3) shows that the amount of coal that can be mned by each coal mne durng the plannng cycle. Formula (1-4) s the state transton equaton whch represents the coal storage amount at the end of each stage of each collery. Constrant condton (1-5) ndcates that the sum of the nventory amount of last stage and the number of mnng at current stage cannot exceed the maxmum storage capacty. Constrant condton (1-) ndcates that the current number of sales of coal can not exceed the exstng number. Constrant condton (1-7) ndcates that the number of endng stocks should be above the number of safety stocks. Constrant condton (1-8) ndcates that all types of coal sales at each stage must meet market demand. Constrant condton (1-9) ndcates that the number of waste water treatment of each collery at each stage of does not exceed ther own processng capacty. Constrant condton (1-11) and (1-13) are the non-negatve constrant of varable. 4. Case Study To demonstrate the effcency of the proposed method, a real world case study s gven as follows. 4.1. Presentaton of case problem Founded n 1982, Chna Coal Pngshuo Group Co., Ltd s Chna's coal energy group lmted company's core busness, s Chna's largest coal producton enterprses of a number of ndcators ranked the leadng level, s Chna's major thermal coal base and bllon tons of coal Producton base n the northwest of Shanx Provnce establshed by state. Pngshuo Group s located n Shuozhou cty, Shanx Provnce and has a number of mnng areas, ths paper selected four major coal mnes (.e., =1,2,...,I) as a research object: Jnggong(Jg) collery, Antabao(Atb) collery, Anjalng(Ajl) collery, Donglu(Dl) collery). 4.2. Model Transformaton As Shuozhou cty s a developng cty n Chna, local governments need to make decson to ensure economc development. However, n the long run, economc development can not be at the expense of the envronment. So the envronment must be protected and the coal group has the responsblty to make a certan contrbuton to the protecton of the envronment. Pngshuo Group as a large coal mnng enterprses n Shuozhou cty, of course, need to make ts own contrbuton to the local envronmental protecton. Consequently, the Pngshuo Group need to put envronmental protecton targets nto constrants to protect envronment. Therefore, model 1 s transformed nto the followng model 2: T I T I T I T I max F1 (1 ) PY C X h S U X E t t t t t t 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 T I XtE F2 st.. t 1 1 ( XY, ) where, π s the flexble regon of model 1, α s the atttude of the head offce towards the waste water dscharge reducton and F2 s the maxmum dranage due to the optmal soluton of the total dranage constrant s not taken nto account n model 1. Therefore, the model 1 s already transformed nto a sngle target model. 4
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 4.3. Data collecton Before we can calculate the model, we need the specfc data of the parameters n the model, so we get the data accordng to the hstorcal data of the coal mnng group and by scentfc predcton. Detaled data for ths paper are gven n the table 1, table 2 and table 3. Table 1. The basc parameters of coal group. h ( RMB / tonne) SS mn 0.17 0.1 0.15 Table 2. Other parameters of dfferent colleres of coal group. collery 1 2 3 4 R 4.03 10. 13 5.2 u CS 1.5 3.3 4.2 1.8 max 3 ( / ) 3 ( / ) E m tonne 1.12 1.02 1.0 1.13 U RMB m 5 4 7 C ( RMB / tonne) 219 213 20 197 EP m 0.85 1.98 2.43 1.22 3 (10 ) Table 3. Coal prces and demand at dfferent stages of dfferent coal mnes. month 1 2 3 4 5 demand (10 tonnes ) collery 1 0.7 0. 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 collery 2 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 collery 3 2 1.8 1.5 1. 1.4 1.7 collery 4 0.9 0.7 0. 0.8 0. 0.7 prce ( RMB / tonne ) collery 1 594 589 575 599 591 580 collery 2 545 538 535 549 547 528 collery 3 529 515 510 540 532 52 collery 4 485 47 473 495 484 47 5. Results and Dscusson By enterng the data nto the proposed dynamc model and use lngo to fnd the soluton of the model. Frst, wthout consderng the effect of model 1's second target (total dranage) and the result of the model are shown n table 4. 5
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 t X t Y t S Table 4. Result of the model 1 wthout consderng objectve of the total dranage. month 1 2 3 4 5 collery 1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.49 0.50 collery 2 1.73 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.71 1.40 collery 3 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.13 1.70 collery 4 0.95 0.79 1.08 1.08 0.0 0.70 collery 1 0.70 0.0 0.50 1.24 0.49 0.50 collery 2 1.70 1.50 1.20 3.15 1.71 1.40 collery 3 2.00 1.80 1.50 3.87 2.13 1.70 collery 4 0.95 0.70 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.70 collery 1 0.21 0.37 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.15 collery 2 0.18 0.2 1.3 0.15 0.15 0.15 collery 3 0.44 0.93 1.73 0.15 0.15 0.15 collery 4 0.15 0.24 0.72 0.15 0.15 0.15 Table 5. The total beneft and total dranage of coal group. 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 9 Total beneft (10 RMB ) 7.51 7.17.78.38 Total dranage 7 3 (10 m ) 35.04 33.29 31.54 29.79 Based on the above table 4, we can see the number of mnng, sales and endng stocks, and can calculate the total ncome, on ths bass, the total dranage can be calculated, these result are shown n table 5. Accordng to the above result, we conclude that dynamc strateges can coordnate economc and envronmental conflcts. From the table 4 and table 5, t s not dffcult to fnd that the group decson prefer to the small dranage coeffcent, hgh coal prces of coal mnes when the parameter α changes from 1 to 0.85, that s to say more and more strngent envronmental protecton strategy. In other words, coal group wll stll explot more n the envronment-frendly, hgh-yeld mnng area when the coal group s under more strngent envronmental polcy. For coal groups, they have a number of subordnate coal mnes to meet demand of the market and ther own development. They may consder closng hgh-dranage, low-yeld coal mnes to make the local sustanable development Contrbuton when faced wth declne n coal demand, that s to say, to maxmze ther own benefts under the constrants of total dranage regulated by the local government.. Concluson Ths paper presents a dynamc mult-objectve programmng model to deal wth the conflct between coal and water n large scale coalfelds of coal group. Ths method gves a comprehensve consderaton to economy and envronment from a long-term perspectve. By usng the proposed model, coal group wll make decson to maxmze ther own benefts under the envronmental constrants lmted by the local polcy. In addton, coal group need to balance the subordnate mnng producton to ensure maxmum beneft n the case of total dranage restrctons. Accordng to the results of the model calculaton and dscusson, coal enterprses should arrange low-dranage, hghyeld mnng producton n order to ensure the long-term prosperty of enterprses and local sustanable development.
IOP Publshng IOP Conf. Seres: Earth and Envronmental Scence 123457890 108 (2018) 042015 do :10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042015 References [1] BP Blobal. BP statstcal revew of world energy;2015.. [2] Gleck, Peter H. "Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutons for the 21st Century." Scence 302.550(2003):1524-8.. [3] Younger, P. L. "Mne water polluton n Scotland: nature, extent and preventatve strateges." Scence of the Total Envronment 25.1-3(2001):309. [4] Slva, Lus F. O., et al. "Study of envronmental polluton and mneralogcal characterzaton of sedment rvers from Brazlan coal mnng acd dranage." Scence of the Total Envronment447.1(2013):19. [5] ERMITE-Consortum, P. L. Younger, and C. Wolkersdorfer. "Mnng Impacts on the Fresh Water Envronment: Techncal and Manageral Gudelnes for Catchment Scale Management." Mne Water & the Envronment 23.1(2004):s2-s80. [] Baker, Kmberly Anne, M. S. Fennessy, and W. J. Mtsch. "Desgnng wetlands for controllng coal mne dranage: an ecologc-economc modellng approach." Ecologcal Economcs 3.1(1991):1-24. [7] Xu, J., et al. "Equlbrum strategy-based optmzaton method for the coal-water conflct: A perspectve from Chna." Journal of Envronmental Management 10(2015):312-323. [8] Xu, J., et al. "A seasonal changes-based equlbrum strategy for coal water conflct: a case study at the Yanzhou coal feld." Envronmental Earth Scences 75.8(201):1-18. 7