Climate MRV for Africa Phase 2 Development of National GHG Inventory Emissions from Agriculture: Livestock and Manure Management

Climate MRV for Africa Phase 2 Development of National GHG Inventory Emissions from Agriculture: Livestock and Manure Management Lead partner Project of the European Commission DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti Team Leader and Key Experts Febuary 2017

Lesson Contents Emissions from Agriculture IPCC Population and Feed Characterization Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation Methane Emissions from Manure Management Nitrogen Emissions from Manure Management

Emissions from Agriculture - IPCC

GHG Emissions in Agriculture Source: IPCC 2006, Volume 4

IPCC Guidelines - Structure IPCC 2006 Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting Volume 2: Energy Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Chapter 1, Introduction Chapter 2, Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-Use Categories Chapter 3, Consistent Representation of Lands Chapter 4, Forest Land Chapter 5, Cropland Rice Cultivation Chapter 6, Grassland Chapter 7, Wetland Chapter 8, Settlements Chapter 9: Other Land Chapter 10: Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management Chapter: 11 N2O Emissions from Managed Soils, and CO2 Emissions from Lime and Urea Application Chapter 12: Harvested Wood Products Plus annexes and other general information Volume 5: Waste Revised IPCC 1996 Summary of the revisions Volume 1: Reporting Instructions Volume 2: Workbook Module 1: Energy Module 2: Industrial Processes Module 3: Solvents and Other Product Use Module 4: Agriculture 4.2 Domestic Livestock: Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management 4.6 Agricultural Soils Module 5: Land use Change and Forestry Module 5: Waste Volume 3: Reference Manual Chapter 4: Agriculture

Livestock Population and Feed Characterization

Livestock Characterization Decision tree for livestock population characterisation Identify livestock species applicable to each emission category. Review the emission estimation method for each relevant source category. Identify the most detailed characterisation required for each livestock.

Livestock Characterization (tire 1) Basic characterization (for tire 1) comprises: List of animal species Dairy cow, other cattle, sheep, goats, layers (poultry), broilers etc. Annual population data, by species National stats. & industry sources (preferred), or FAO http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Typical Animal Mass (TAM) / Weight (W) in kg.

Livestock Characterization (tire 2) Enhanced Characterization (for tire 2) comprises: in addition basic data listed above Disaggregation of animal species into subcategories based on age, gender, animal production type (table 10.1, 2006 IPCC) Average annual milk production of dairy cows. (high and low producing) Average daily feed intake for subcategory, either measured in terms of gross energy (MJ/day) or dry matter (kg/day) Used in the tier 2 enteric fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo and sheep

Extract from IPCC 2006, Table 10.1 Representative Livestock Categories Main categories Subcategories Mature Dairy Cow or Mature Dairy Buffalo Other Mature Cattle or Mature Non-dairy Buffalo High-producing cows Low-producing cows Cows used to produce offspring for meat Cows used for more than one production purpose: milk, meat, draft Males: Bulls used principally for breeding purposes Bullocks used principally for draft power Mature Ewes Breeding ewes for production of offspring and wool production Growing Lambs Intact males Castrates Milking ewes where commercial milk production is the primary purpose Females Mature Swine Sows in gestation Growing Swine Nursery Finishing Sows which have farrowed and are nursing young Boars that are used for breeding purposes Gilts that will be used for breeding purposes Growing boars that will be used for breeding purposes Chickens Broiler chickens grown for producing meat Layer chickens for producing eggs (MM dry systems e.g., high-rise houses) Layer chickens for producing eggs (MM wet systems e.g., lagoons) Chickens under free-range conditions for egg or meat production

Livestock Characterization Feed Intake Enhanced Characterization Use country specific methods to estimate feed, intake if available. Generally, data on average daily feed intake are not available, particularly for grazing livestock. Therefore, data presented in the next slides should be collected. Simplified Tier 2 method for feed intake: It also possible to predict dry matter intake (DMI) for mature and growing cattle based on body weight of the animal and either the dietary net energy concentration (NEma) concentration of the feed (NRC, 1996) or diggestable energy expressed as % of gross energy (DE%)

Livestock Characterization Feed Intake Parameter Symbol Cattle Buffalo Sheep Weight (kg) W Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 - IPCC 2006 Weight gain (kg/day) WG Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 - If no Mature weight (kg) MW Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 country specific - Feeding situation C a Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 values available. - Females giving birth - Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 - (%) Or IPCC Appendix A to Feed digestibility (%) DE Table 10A.1 B 10A.2 of Reference Table10 A.3 - Manual (Vol 3) Maintenance coefficient Cf i Table 10A.1 10A.2 Table10 A.3 - Net energy maintenance (MJ/day) NE m Equation 10.3 Equation 10.3 Equation 10.3 Net energy activity (MJ/day) NE a Equation 10.4 Equation 10.4 Equation 10.5 3B.

Livestock Characterization Feed Intake Parameter Symbol Cattle Buffalo Sheep Growth coefficient C See Equation 10.6 See Equation 10.6 Use constants a and b in table 10.6 Net energy growth (MJ/day) NE g Equation 10.6 Equation 10.6 Equation 10.7 Pregnancy coefficient C P Table 10.7 Table 10.7 Table 10.7 Net energy pregnancy (MJ/day) NE P Equation 10.13 Equation 10.13 Equation 10.13 Lactation NE 1 Equation 10.8 Equation 10.8 Equations 10.9 and 10.10 Draft Power NE work Equation 10.11 Equation 10.11 Wool Production NE wool NA NA Equation 10.12 NA

Livestock Characterization Feed Intake Parameter Symbol Cattle Buffalo Sheep Ratio of net energy available in diet for maintenance to digestible energy consumed Ratio of net energy available for growth in a diet to digestible energy consumed REM Equation 10.14 Equation 10.14 Equation 10.14 REG Equation 10.15 Equation 10.15 Equation 10.15 Gross Energy (MJ/day) GE Equation 10.16 Equation 10.16 Equation 10.16 Gross Energy values to be converted to dry matter with a default value of 18.45 MJ/ kg f dry matter. 3B.15

Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation

Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation Source of Emissions Source: FAO, Mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminant animals, 2016.

Enteric Fermentation Decision Tree for CH 4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation Ruminant livestock (e.g. cattle, buffalo, sheep) are major sources of CH4. Generally, the higher the feed intake, the higher the methane emission. Emissions should only be considered from animals under domestic management (e.g., farmed deer, elk, and buffalo).

Emissions from Enteric Fermentation IPCC Methodology Overview Fundamental equation for each animal category (T) N (T) EF (T) CH4 Enteric Number of x Emissions factor = CH 2 emissions animals (head) (kg /head/y) (kg CH4 y) Emission Factors for tire 1 method are available in tables 10.10 and 10.11 (IPCC 2006), or tables 4-2 and 4-3 (IPCC 1996). Tire 2: Emission Factor Development

Emissions from Enteric Fermentation IPCC Methodology Detail Sector Category Category code Sheet Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management 3A1 and 3A2 1 of 1 Equation Equation 10.19 Eq. 10.19 and 10.20 Equation 10.22 Number of animals Emission factor for CH 4 emissions from Emission factor for Enteric Fermentation Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Species/Livestock category CH 4 emissions from Manure Management (head) (kg head -1 yr -1 ) (Gg CH 4 yr -1 ) (kg head -1 yr -1 ) (Gg CH 4 yr -1 ) Tables 10.10 and 10.11 CH 4 Enteric = N (T) * Tables 10.14 - EF (T) * 10-6 10.16 CH 4 Manure = N (T) * EF (T) * 10-6 T N (T) EF (T) CH 4 Enteric EF (T) CH 4 Manure Dairy Cows 1 000 000 49 5 Other Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules and Asses Swine Poultry Other 1 Total 4,90 Change in units (kg to Gg) Tire 1: based on Default emission factors, tables 10.0-10.11 Tire 2: Emission Factor development based on GE

Emissions from Enteric Fermentation Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Bases on Gross Energy intake and Methane Conversion Factor Developed for each animal category Parameter Symbol Comments Emission factor (kg CH4/head/y) EF Equation 10.21 Gross energy intake (MJ/head/day) GE Equation 10.16 (section livestock categorisation) Methane conversion factor (%) Ym Tables 10.12-10.13 (if no CS values) Energy content of methane (MJ/kg CH4) 55.65 Factor Days in a year 365 EF to be developed for an entire year Number of head of livestock category N (T) See Livestock categorisation AAP 3B.21

Methane Emissions from Manure Management

Methane Emissions from Manure Management Source of Emissions ANAEROBIC PROCESS Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and Forestry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory, 2015 (Chapter 5)

Manure Management Decision Tree for CH 4 Emissions from Manure Management Main factors affecting CH4 emissions are: Amount of manure produced (rate of waste production per animal and the number of animals); Portion of the manure that decomposes anaerobically (manure management method and climate).

Methane Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Overview Fundamental equation for each animal category (T) N (T) EF(T) CH4 Manure Number of animals (head) x Emissions factor (kg CH4 /head/y) = CH 4 emissions (kg CH4 /y) Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Tire 1: factors are available in tables 10.14-10.16 (IPCC 2006), or tables 4.4-4.5 (IPCC 1996).

Methane Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Detail Sector Category Category code Sheet Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Methane Emissions from Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management 3A1 and 3A2 1 of 1 Equation Equation 10.19 Eq. 10.19 and 10.20 Equation 10.22 Number of animals Emission factor for CH 4 emissions from Emission factor for Enteric Fermentation Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Species/Livestock category CH 4 emissions from Manure Management (head) (kg head -1 yr -1 ) (Gg CH 4 yr -1 ) (kg head -1 yr -1 ) (Gg CH 4 yr -1 ) Tables 10.10 and 10.11 CH 4 Enteric = N (T) * Tables 10.14 - EF (T) * 10-6 10.16 CH 4 Manure = N (T) * EF (T) * 10-6 T N (T) EF (T) CH 4 Enteric EF (T) CH 4 Manure Dairy Cows 1000000 3 30 Other Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules and Asses Swine Poultry Other 1 Total Tire 1: based on Default emission factors, tables 10.14-10.16 Tire 2: Emission Factor development based on GE, VC, CF Change in Units

Methane Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Bases on volatile solids (VS) produced in the manure, and maximum methane producing capacity from that manure (Bo). Developed for each animal category. Parameter Symbol Comments Emission factor (kg CH4/head/y) EF Equation 10.23 Volatile solid excreted (kg dry matter/ head/day) VS Equation 10.24 Days in a year 365 VS to be calculated for an entire year Maximum methane producing capacity (m3 CH4/ kg of VS extracted) Bo Tables 10A.4-10A.9 (if no country specific values) Conversion factors of cubic meters of methane to kilograms methane 0.67 Factor 3B.27

Methane Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Volatile Solids = Organic material in livestock manure and consist of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable fractions. The best way to obtain average daily VS excretion rates is to use data from nationally published sources. If average daily VS excretion rates are not available, countryspecific VS excretion rates can be estimated from feed intake levels, as per Equation 10.24: 3B.28

Methane Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Parameter Symbol Comments Gross energy intake (MJ/head/day) GE Equation 10.16 (section livestock categorisation) Digestibility for the feed (%) DE% Table 10.2 (section livestock categorisation) Urinary Energy UE Expressed as fraction of GE (use 0.04 most ruminants, 0.02 swine, if no CS values) Ash content of manure ASH Calculated as a fraction of the dry matter feed intake. Use 0.08 for cattle, Table 10.A-9 for other livestock. (if no country specific values) Conversion factor for dietary GE per kg of dry matter (MJ / kg). 18.45 This value is relatively constant across a wide range of forage and grain-based feeds commonly consumed by livestock. 3B.29

Methane Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Emission Factor Development Parameter Symbol Comments Methane Conversion Factor for each manure management system by climatic region MCF Table 10.17 (if no country specific values) Type of manure management system S Categorisation (see table 10.18 for definitions) Climatic regions k Categorisation (cool (< 15 C), temperate (15-25 C), and warm (>25 C)) Livestock category T - Fraction of livestock category s manure handled in the system, in climate region MS dimensionless 3B.31

Extract from IPCC 2006, Table 10.18 Manure Management System Definitions System Definition Pasture/Range/Paddock Daily spread Solid storage Dry lot Liquid/Slurry Uncovered anaerobic lagoon The manure from pasture and range grazing animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not managed. Manure is routinely removed from a confinement facility and is applied to cropland or pasture within 24 hours of excretion. The storage of manure, typically for a period of several months, in unconfined piles or stacks. Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss of moisture by evaporation. A paved or unpaved open confinement area without any significant vegetative cover where accumulating manure may be removed periodically. Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds outside the animal housing, usually for periods less than one year. A type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the associated confinement facilities to the lagoon. Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors. The water from the lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate and fertilise fields.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management Source of Emissions DIRECT N 2 O: ANAEROBIC PROCESS AEROBIC PROCESS INDIRECT N 2 O: MINERALISATION VOLATILISATION Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and Forestry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory, 2015 (Chapter 5)

N 2 O from Manure Management Decision Tree for N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management The activity data required in addition to those necessary for the livestock characterization are: Annual average N excretion per head/category/species Fraction of total annual N2 excretion for each livestock species/category that is managed in a manure management system.

Direct Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management

Direct N2O Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Overview Fundamental equation: for each animal category (T), and each MMS (S) NEMMS EF3(S) 44/28 N2OD(mm) Total nitrogen excretion for MMS (kg/n/y) x Emission Factor for direct N2O-N from MMS (kg N/MMs) x Conversion Factor = N 2 O emissions (kg N 2 O/y) N(T) Nex(T) MS(T,S) Number of animals (head) x Average N Extraction per (kg N/head/y) x Fraction of total N excretion managed in MMS IPCC 1996: Default values for Nex in tables 4.6-4.7 Nrate (T) TAM -10 3 365 Default N excretion rate (kg N/ 1000 kg animal mass/day) x Typical animal mass for livestock category (kg) Conversion Factor Days/ y (Tire 1)

Direct N2O Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Detail Sheet 1 of 1 Equation Eq. 10.25 Equation 10.30 Equation 10.25 Number of animals Default N excretion rate Typical animal mass for livestock category Annual N excretion per head of species/livestock category 3 Fraction of total annual nitrogen excretion managed in MMS for each species/livestock category Total nitrogen excretion for the MMS 4 Emission factor for direct N 2 O-N emissions from MMS Annual direct N 2 O emissions from Manure Management NE MMS = N 2 O (mm) = NE MMS * EF 3(S) * Tables A4-A8 N (T) * Nex (T) * MS (T,S) Table 10.21 44/28 S T N (T) N rate(t) TAM Nex (T) MS (T,S) NE MMS EF 3(S) N 2 O D(mm) Dairy Cows Other Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules and Asses Swine Poultry Other 2 Sector Category Category code Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Manure Management: Direct N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Systems 3A2 Manure Species/Livestock Management category [kg N (kg N animal -1 [kg N 2 O-N System (MMS) 1 (head) (1000 kg animal) -1 (kg) (-) day -1 year -1 (kg N yr -1 ) kg N ) (kg N in MMS) -1 2 O yr -1 ] ] Total Table 10.19 N2O from pasture, range and paddock reported under Solis (ch. 11) Tables 10A-4 to 10A- Nex (T) = N rate(t) * TAM 9 * 10-3 * 365 Tire 1: based on Default Factors, tables 10A-4-10A8; Tire 2: apply CS values (equation 10.31-10.32) The calculations must be done by Manure Management System, and for each management system, the relevant species/livestock category must be selected.

Direct N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Parameters Parameter Symbol Comments Direct N2O emissions from Manure Management in the country (kg N2O /y) Total nitrogen excretion for the MMS (kg/n / y) N 2 O D(mm) Equation 10.25 NE MMS Equation 10.25 Calculated from N(t) x Nex(T) x MS(T,S) Annual average N excretion per head of species/category T in the country (kg N/ animal/y) Faction of total annual nitrogen excretion, dimensionless Emission factor for direct N2O emissions from MMS (kg N2O-N/kg N in MMS) Nex (T) Equation 10.30 (tire 1) Equation 10.31-10.32 (tire 2) MS (T,S) Table 10.A-4-10A-8 Or CS values EF 3(S) Table 10.21 Or CS values Manure management system S Table 10.22 (above step) Species/category of livestock T As per initial categorisation 3B.39

Direct N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 1: Annual N Extraction Rates Equation 10.30, Tire 1 Parameter Symbol Comments Default N excretion rate N rate(t) Table 10.19 (kg N/ 1000 kg animal mass/ day) Typical animal mass for livestock category T (kg/animal) MS (T,S) Tables 10A-4 10A-9 Typical animal mass TAM Tables 10A-4-10A-9 Conversion 1000 Days in a year 365 N extraction to be calculated for a year 3B.40

N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Annual N Extraction Rates Equation 10.31, Tire 2 Parameter Symbol Comments Annual N intake per head of species/category T (kg N/ head/ y) N intake(t) Table 10.20 for default values, Equation 10.32 (for cattle), Or CS values Fraction of annual N intake that is retained by animal of species/category T (dimensionless) N retention(t) Table 10.2 for Default Values, Or CS values Nitrogen intake and retention data for specific livestock species/categories may be available from national statistics or from animal nutrition specialists. 3B.41

N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Annual N Extraction Rates for Cattle Equation 10.32, Tire 2 Parameter Symbol Comments Gross energy intake (MJ/ head/day) GE Equation 10.16 (section livestock categorisation) Conversion factor for dietary GE per kg of dry matter (MJ/ kg) Percent crude protein in diet, input (%) Conversion from kg of dietary protein to kg of dietary N (kg feed protein/ kg N 18.45 This value is relatively constant across a wide range of forage and grain-based feeds CP% CS Values 6.25 Conversion Factor 3B.42

N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Annual N Extraction Rates for Cattle Equation 10.33 Parameter Symbol Comments Milk production (kg/ head/ day) Milk applicable to dairy cows only) Percent of protein in milk Milk PR% Calculated as [1.9 + 0.4 x %Fat], where %Fat is an input, assumed to be 4% (applicable to dairy cows only) Conversion from milk protein to milk N (kg Protein/ kg N) 6.38 - Weight gain, input for each livestock category, kg/day WG Conversion Factor 3B.43

N 2 OEmissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Annual N Extraction Rates for Cattle Parameter Symbol Comments Constants 268 From Equation 3-8, National Research Council (1996), Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th Revised Ed., Nat. Acad. Press, Washington., DC Constants 7.03 From Equation 3-8, National Research Council (1996), Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 7th Revised Ed., Nat. Acad. Press, Washington., DC Net energy for growth, (MJ /day) NEg Calculated under livestock characterisation, based on current weight, mature weight, rate of weight gain, and IPCC constants, Equation 10.6 Conversion from kg dietary protein to kg dietary N (kg Protein/ kg N) 6.25 Conversion Factor 3B.44

Indirect Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management Source of Emissions INDIRECT N 2 O: MINERALISATION VOLATILISATION Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and Forestry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory, 2015 (Chapter 5)

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Overview Fundamental equation: for each animal category (T), and each MMS (S) Nvolatilization - MMS Amount of manure nitrogen lost due volatilisation x EF4(S) 44/28 N2OG(mm) Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (kg N2O-N/ kg NH3-N + NOx-N) volatilised)- x Conversion Factor = N 2 O emissions (kg N 2 O/y) NEMMS Frac GasMS Total nitrogen excretion for MMS (kg/n/y) x % of managed manure nitrogen that volatilises Not considered in IPCC 1996

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management IPCC Methodology Detail Manure management System (MMS) 1 Sector Sheet 1 of 2 Equation Equation 10.25 Equation 10.26 Equation 10.27 Species/Livestock category 2 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Category Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management 1 Category code 3C6 Total nitrogen excretion for the MMS 3 Sheet 1 of 2 Fraction of managed livestock manure nitrogen that volatilises Amount of manure nitrogen that is loss due to volatilisation of NH 3 and NO x Emission factor for N 2 O emissions from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on soils and water surfaces kg N yr -1 (-) kg N yr -1 + NO x -N volatilised) - [kg N 2 O-N (kg NH 3 -N 1 ] Indirect N 2 O emissions due to volatilization from Manure Management kg N 2 O yr -1 N volatilization-mms = Table 10.22 Table 11.3 NE MMS * Frac (GasMS) N 2 O G(mm) = NE volatilization-mms * EF 4 S T NE MMS Frac (GasMS) N volatilization-mms EF 4 N 2 O G(mm) Total Dairy Cows Other Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules & Asses Swine Poultry Other 2 N2O losses from pasture, reported under Solis (ch. 11) Tire 1: based on Default Factors, tables 10A-4-10A8; Tire 2: follows same equations with CS values.

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Parameters Parameter Symbol Comments Indirect N2O emissions due to volatilization of N from Manure Management (kg N2O/ y) N2O G(m m) Equation 10.27 Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on soils and water surfaces (kg N2O-N / kg NH3-N + NOx-N volatilised) EF 4 Chapter 11, Table 11.3 Default value is 0.01 kg N2O-N/kg NH3-N + NOx-N volatilised Amount of manure nitrogen that is lost due to volatilisation of NH3 and Nox (kg N/y) N volatilizati on-mms Equation 10.26 Total nitrogen excretion for MMS, (kg/n/y) NE MMS N(t) x Nex(T) x MS(T,S) as per equation 10.25 and 10.30 above. See worksheet for Direct N2O from Manure Management (3A2) for the value. Percent of managed manure nitrogen that volatilises as NH3 and Nox (%) Frac Gas Table 10.22 3B.49

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from MM Tire 2 Tier 2 method would follow the same calculation equation as Tier 1, but should include the use of CS data for some or all of these variables. For example, the use of country-specific nitrogen excretion rates for livestock categories would constitute a Tier 2 method. A Tier 2 method would require more detailed characterisation of the flow of nitrogen throughout the animal housing and manure management systems used in the country. Nitrogen is also lost through runoff and leaching into soils from the solid storage of manure at outdoor areas, in feedlots and where animals are grazing in pastures. See equation 10.28 and 10.29 (N 2 O Loss due Leaching and Runoff) for tire 2.

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Loss due Leaching and Runoff Nleaching -MMS EF 5 44/28 N2OL(mm) Amount of manure nitrogen leached (kg N/y) x Emission factor for N2O emissions from nitrogen leaching and runoff (kg N2O-N/ kg N leached&runoff) x Conversion Factor = Indirect N 2 O from nitrogen leaching and runoff (kg N 2 O/y) NEMMS Total nitrogen excretion for MMS (kg/n/y) x Frac leachms % of managed manure nitrogen losses due leaching and runoff Only to be used where CS information of N2O loss due leaching and runoff exist!

Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management Tire 2: Loss due Leaching and Runoff Parameter Symbol Comments Indirect N2O emissions due to leaching and runoff of N from Manure Management (kg N2O/ y) N2O L(mm) Equation 10.29 Emission factor for N2O emissions from nitrogen leaching and runoff (kg N2O-N/kg N leached&runoff) EF 5 Chapter 11, Table 11.3,Default value 0.0075 kg N2O-N/ kg N leaching/runoff Amount of manure nitrogen that is leached from MMS (kg N/y) N leaching- MMS Equation 10.28 Total nitrogen excretion for MMS, (kg/n/y) NE MMS N(t) x Nex(T) x MS(T,S) as per equation 10.25 and 10.30 above. See worksheet for Direct N2O from Manure Management (3A2) for the value. Percent of managed manure nitrogen losses due to leaching and runoff (%) Frac LeschMS CS Values (typical rage 1-20%) 3B.52

Coordination with reporting for N 2 O emissions with other source categories

Coordination with reporting for N 2 O emissions from managed soils Following storage or treatment in any system of manure management, nearly all the manure will be applied to land. Subsequent N2O emissions arise from managed soils. (reported under chapter 11, section 11.2) A significant proportion of the total nitrogen excreted by animals in managed systems is lost prior to final application to managed soils (or for use as feed, fuel, or for construction purposes). Therefor, it is necessary to reduce the total amount of nitrogen excreted by animals in managed systems by the losses of N through volatilisation (i.e., NH3, N2 and NOx), conversion to N2O and losses through leaching and runoff.

Coordination with reporting for N 2 O emissions from managed soils Manure Management System (MMS) 2 Sector Equation Equation 10.34 Number of animals Species/Livestock category 3 Sheet 2 of 2 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Category Indirect N 2 O Emissions from Manure Management 1 Category code 3C6 Total nitrogen excretion for the MMS Sheet 2 of 2 Amt. of managed manure nitrogen for livestock category T that is lost in the Manure Management Sys. Fraction of total annual nitrogen excretion managed in MMS for each species/livestock category Amount of nitrogen from bedding Amount of managed manure nitrogen available for application to managed soils or for feed, fuel, or construction purposes (kg N yr -1 ) (per cent) (head) (-) (kg N animal -1 yr -1 ) (kg N yr -1 ) Table 10.23 Tables 10A-4 to 10A-9 (If applicable to MMS - see text under Equation 10.35) N MMS_Avb = NE MMS * (1- Frac LossMS * 10-2 ) + N (T) * MS (T,S) * N beddingms S T NE MMS Frac (LossMS) N (T) MS (T,S) N beddingms N MMS_Avb Dairy Cows Other Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules & Asses Swine Poultry Other 3

Thank you! Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti