Updated July Lead authors Nicholas Hutchings, Barbara Amon, Ulrich Dämmgen, Jim Webb

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1 Category Title NFR: 3.B Manure management SNAP: ISIC: Version Guidebook 2013 Update history Updated July 2015 Dairy cows Other cattle Fattening pigs Sows Sheep Horses Laying hens Broilers Other poultry Goats Fur animals Mules and asses Camels Buffalo Other animals For details of past updates please refer to the chapter update log available at the online Guidebook website Lead authors Nicholas Hutchings, Barbara Amon, Ulrich Dämmgen, Jim Webb Contributing authors (including to earlier versions of this chapter) Jens Seedorf, Torsten Hinz, Klaas Van Der Hoek, Steen Gyldenkærne, Mette Hjorth Mikkelsen, Harald Menzi, Martin Dedina, Karen Groenestein, Shabtai Bittman, Phil Hobbs, Leny Lekkerkerk, Guiseppi Bonazzi, Sue Couling, David Cowell, Carolien Kroeze, Brian Pain, Zbigniew Klimont EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013 update July

2 excreta and, where appropriate, default data on the length of the grazing period. Where appropriate, separate EFs are provided for slurry- and litter-based manure management systems. The user may choose the EF for the predominant manure management system for that livestock class in the relevant country. These EFs have been calculated on the basis that all manure is stored before surface application without rapid incorporation. For these reasons, countries are encouraged to calculate emissions using at least a Tier 2 approach if possible. Further information on the derivation of these EFs is given in Appendix A.3.2. Table 3.1 Default Tier 1 EF (EFNH3) for calculation of NH3 emissions from manure management. Figures are annually averaged emission kg AAP -1 a -1 NH3, as defined in subsection of the present chapter. SNAP Livestock Manure type EFNH3 (kg a -1. AAP Dairy cows slurry Dairy cows solid Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows) NH3) slurry Other cattle solid Fattening pigs slurry Fattening pigs solid Sows slurry Sows solid Sows outdoor Sheep (and goats) solid Horses (and mules, asses) solid Laying hens (laying hens and parents) solid Laying hens (laying hens and parents) slurry Broilers (broilers and parents) litter Other poultry (ducks) litter Other poultry (geese) litter Other poultry (turkeys) litter Fur animals Camels solid Buffalo solid 9.0 Sources: Default grazing periods for cattle were taken from Table 10A 4-8 of IPCC chapter 10: Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management, default N excretion data for Western Europe from Table 10.19, also given in Table 3-8, together with the housing period on which these EFs are based. Sheep are here defined as mature ewes with lambs until weaning. To calculate emissions for lambs from weaning until slaughter, or other sheep, adjust the EF quoted in Table 3 1 according to the ratio of annual N excretion by the other sheep to that of the mature ewe. Note that estimates of the number of sheep will vary according to the time of the agricultural census. If taken in summer the count will be of ewes, rams, other sheep and fattening lambs. If taken in winter few, if any, fattening lambs will be recorded. See subsection of the present chapter for details of how the activity data should be calculated. The default EF presented in Table 3 1 were calculated using the Tier 2 approach outlined in subsection below using default EF for each emission derived from those used in the mass-flow models evaluated by the EAGER group (Reidy et al., 2007 and in preparation and references cited therein). EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013 update July

3 emissions of PM, of which the most decisive parameters are feeding conditions, animal activity and bedding material. The PM EF is based on a study based upon north European barns with cattle, pig and poultry (Takai et al., 1998), with the exceptions of goats and fur animals for which the EFs are based on Mosquera and Hol (2011) and Mosquera et al. (2011). The EF for horses is based on Seedorf and Hartung (2001). Refer to Appendix A for detailed description. Table 3.3 Default Tier 1 estimates of EF for particle emissions from animal husbandry (housing). Code Livestock EF for TSP EF for PM 10 EF for PM 2.5 (kg AAP -1. a -1 ) (kg AAP -1. a -1 ) (kg AAP -1. a -1 ) Dairy cows Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows) Calves Fattening pigs Weaners Sows Sheep Goats Horses Mules and asses Laying hens (laying hens and parents) Broilers (broilers and parents) Ducks Geese Turkeys Fur animals Buffalo Source: Takai et al., 1998, Seedorf and Hartung et al. (2001), Mosquera and Hol, (2011), Mosquera et al. (2011) Activity data For Tier 1, data are required on animal numbers for each of the categories listed in Table 3 1. An annual national agricultural census can supply these data. Otherwise, statistical information from Eurostat ( or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Production Yearbook (FAO, 2005/2006) can be used. The average annual population, AAP, is the average number of animals of a particular category that are present, on average, within the year. This number can be obtained by a number of methods. If the number of animals present on a particular day does not change over the year, a census of the animals present on a particular day will give the AAP. However, if the number of animals present varies over the year, e.g. because of seasonal production cycles, it may be more accurate to base the AAP on a census of the number of animal places. If this is done, allowance has to be made for the time that the animal place is empty. There can be a number of reasons why the animal place may be empty for part of the year, but the commonest are that the production is seasonal or because the building is being cleaned in preparation for the next batch of animals. EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013 update July

4 Table A2 2 Ammonia emission abatement measures for cattle and pig slurry storage (UNECE, 2007) Abatement Measure Tight lid, roof or tent structure Plastic sheeting (c) (floating cover) Plastic sheeting (c) (floating cover) Low technology floating covers (e.g. chopped straw, peat, bark, LECA balls, etc.) (Cat. 2) NH3 Emission Reduction (%) (a) Applicability 80 Concrete or steel tanks and silos. May not be suitable on existing stores. BAT (b) available for IPPC Pig Farms? 60 Small earth-banked lagoons. 60 Large earth-banked lagoons and concrete or steel tanks. Management and other factors may limit use of this technique. 40 Concrete or steel tanks and silos. Probably not practicable on earthbanked lagoons. Not suitable if materials likely to cause slurry management problems. Natural crust (floating cover) Higher dry matter slurries only. Not Replacement of lagoon, etc. with covered tank or tall open tanks (H> 3 m) suitable on farms where it is necessary to mix and disturb the crust in order to spread slurry frequently Only new build, and subject to any planning restrictions concerning taller structures. Storage bag 100 Available bag sizes may limit use on Not assessed Not assessed larger livestock farms. Notes: (a) Emission reductions are agreed best estimates of what might be achievable across UNECE. Reductions are expressed relative to emissions from an uncovered slurry tank/silo. (b) BAT: Best Available Techniques. (c) Sheeting may be a type of plastic, canvas or other suitable material. Reduce emissions during and after land spreading Abatement methods for spreading manures on land have some of the greatest potential to reduce NH 3 emissions and are among the most cost-effective. Emissions following the spreading of manures to land are one of the two largest sources and NH 3 conserved at earlier stages of manure management may be lost if emissions following spreading are not controlled. Emissions following application of slurry may be reduced if the slurry is applied in narrow bands (trailing hose), if the slurry is placed beneath the crop canopy (trailing shoe) or placed below the soil surface (injection). Those techniques, which entail little or no soil disturbance can be used on grassland as well as on tillage land. Incorporation of slurry and solid manures into tillage land can reduce NH 3 emissions by up to 90 %. The reduction in emission varies according to method of incorporation, interval between manure application and incorporation and type of manure. Abatement tends to increase as the interval between spreading and incorporation decreases, as the amount of soil inversion increases and according to manure type, with abatement effectiveness in the order slurry > poultry manure > FYM. Some abatement efficiencies are given in Table A2 3. EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013 update July

5 MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ag Activities Table 4.1: Ammonia emission factors for the simpler methodology to calculate the NH 3 emission from manure management. Annually averaged emission in kg NH 3 per animal, as counted in the annual agricultural census 1 Activity N excreted Animal housing Storage outside the housing Surface spreading of waste Sum housing and management Grazing Total emissions Dairy cows Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows) Fattening pigs Sows Sheep (and goats) ( ) Horses (and mules, ( ) asses) Laying hens (laying hens and parents) Broilers (broilers and parents) Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys) Fur animals Camels Buffalo This means explicitly not per animal place or per delivered animal. 2 The emission factors are calculated for female adult animals; the emissions of the young animals are included in the given values. 3 Preliminary data given in Bouwman et al Table 4.2: Total ammonia emissions based on ammonia emission factors and animal class numbers, for manure management. Emission factors in kg NH 3 per animal, as counted in the annual agricultural census. Activity Ammonia emission factor Number of Total ammonia Housing Storage Application Total A+B+C Animals emission D * E A B C D E F Dairy cows Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows) Fattening pigs Sows (only female adult animals) Sheep (only female adult sheep and goats) Horses (horses, mules and asses) Laying hens (laying hens and parents) Broilers (broilers and parents) Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys) Fur animals (only female adult animals) TOTAL Emission Inventory Guidebook July, 2002 B1090-9