Effects of sowing date and plant density on some traits of Coriandrum sativum L.

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1 Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at 01 TJEAS Journal-01--1/11-16 ISSN TJEAS Effects of sowing date and plant density on some traits of Coriandrum sativum L. Seyyed Gholam Reza Moosavi Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran Tel: Fax: Address: Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, South Khorasan, Iran Corresponding author s_reza1350@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: In order to study the effect of sowing date and plant density on some traits of coriander, an eximent was conducted in research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch, Iran in 010 as a split-plot eximent based on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The main plot was sowing date at three levels of March 30, April 14 and April 9. The sub-plot was plant density at three levels of 0, and plants m -.The results showed that with the delay in sowing from March 30 to April 9, umbel number plant, fruit yield hectare, fruit and biological significantly decreased 76.7, 76.4, 78. and 76.8%, respectively. Also, means comparison indicated that the increase in density from 0 to plants/m led to the increase in fruit yield hectare by 87.6%, but umbel number plant and fruit and biological decreased 13.7, 37.6 and 34.8%, respectively. Also, sowing date and plant density interaction significantly affected fruit yield hectare, fruit and biological and harvest index. In total, it is recommended to use sowing date of March 30 with the density of plants/m for the cultivation of coriander in Birjand because of having the highest fruit yield. Keywords: coriander, density, sowing date, fruit and biological. INTRODUCTION The increasing tendency toward herbal medicine for curing diseases makes the necessity of cultivating various medicinal plants inevitable both in worldwide level and inside Iran (Rasam et al., 007). Coriandrum sativum L. is a annual plant from Apiaceae family that has a significant importance in pharmacy, food, cosmetics and sanitary industries due to having the essence and main composition of linalool (Volatile, 000). Coriander is used in traditional medicine as a food digestive, anti-bloat, appetizer, muscle pain reliever and tranquilizer (Dierchesen, 1996). The growth and production of medicinal plants like other types of plants are affected by genetic and agronomic factors and maximum yield is only obtained when an appropriate combination of these factors such as sowing date and plant density is provided for the plant (Rasam et al., 007). Sowing date is very important and this is one of important factors for obtaining maximum yield in plants. Effect of environmental factors on plant physiological steps causes the sowing date to vary significantly from one area to another or even in an area depending on genetic differences (Hadley and Sammerfield, 1983; Sandhu, 1984). The results of Meena et al. (006) studies showed that Coriandrum sativum L. had more growth and yield in sowing date of October 15 compared to sowing date of November 15. Another study about effects of sowing dates of October 15 and 30 on Coriander indicated that fruit yield, number of initial and secondary branches and number of umbels plant were higher in sowing date of October 15 compared to October 30 (Tiwari et al., 00). Zheljazkov et al. (008) investigated the effect of sowing dates of May 4 and June 8 on Coriandrum sativum L. during two years in Canada and showed that the yield is higher in earlier cultivation. Agronomists specialists believe that in addition to appropriate sowing date establishing an appropriate density of healthy plants in a farm surface is a basic element of a successful agricultural system (Rasam et al., 007). Okut and Yidrim (005) studies showed that maximum fruit yield and biological Coriander were obtained in 30 cm row space. Diereichsen (1996) believed that maximum fruit Coriander is obtained with density of 50 plants m and with decreasing plant density, the plant to some extent compensates the yield reduction by producing new branches. Ghobadi and Ghobadi (010) studied the effect of different

2 Coriander plant densities (10, 30, 50 and 70 plant m ) and concluded that number of umbels plant reduced with increasing plant density but no significant difference was observed in 1000-fruit weight. Shareh (1999) reported that increasing Pimpinella anisum (Anise) density reduced yield components and harvest index but increased fruit yield area unit. This study was formed to investigate the effect of sowing date and plant density on some traits of Coriandrum sativum L. in Birjand. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in Hajiabad Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Iran (Long E., Lat. 3 5 N., Alt. 10 m) in 010. The average long-time minimum and maximum temature is 4.6 and 7.5 C with average annual precipitation of 169 mm and average minimum and maximum relative humidity of 3.5 and 59.6%, respectively. The regional climate is hot and arid. The soil was loam-sandy with ph of 8.38, EC of 5.86 µmho cm -1 and organic carbon content of 0.14% at the depth of 0-30 cm. It was a split-plot eximent based on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. In this study, the effects of sowing date at three levels (March 30, April 14 and April 9) as the main plot and plant densities at three levels (0, and plants/m ) as the sub-plot were examined. Each plot was m 6m with six planting rows. The space between rows, plots and replications was 0.4, 1 and m, respectively. The field had been left fallow in the previous year. The field preparation oation including tillage was carried out in early-march. According to the results of soil test, 00 kg/ha ammonium phosphate was applied to the soil before final disking. Having disinfected by fungicide carboxin thiram with the ratio of :1000, the seeds were dry-sown at the depth of cm. The desired plant densities were created by changing the spacing between plants at the emergence of the second filiform leaf. Given the local climate, the irrigation was carried out once every 6-9 days and the weeds were removed 3-4 times at each sowing date. To specify umbel number plant and fruit and biological, eight plants were selected from the middle of the plots and then, they were measured. To determine of fruit yield and harvest index an area equal to m was harvested from middle part of each plot considering marginal effect. Harvested plants were dried in 35 C and under shadow and air flow then fruits were separated from their remains by threshing. For determining 1000-fruit weight, one 1000 pieces sample from fruit cob separated by seed counting machine and were weighed by a digital scale with accuracy of 0.01 gr. In addition, fruit yield was divided by biological yield and multiplied by 100 to have fruit harvest index. At the end, the data were analyzed by statistical software MSTAT-C and the means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level. The graphs were drawn by MS-Excel. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Umbel number plant Sowing date and plant density significantly influenced the umbel number plant but sowing date and plant density interaction on this trait was not significant (Table 1). Maximum umbel number plant was obtained in March 30 which was 10.6 and 76.7 cent higher than sowing dates of April 14 and 9, respectively (Table ). Reduction in number of umbel plant with delay in cultivation can be attributed to an increase in temature during the plant growth and prolonged days. Shortening of vegetative growth iod and producing fewer branches possibly caused reduction in leaf area and plant photosynthesis potential and consequently decreasing the production of reproductive organs such as umbel in plant. This result is in agreement with study results of Tiwari et al. (00) and Gujar et al. (005) on Coriandrum sativum L. and Rasam et al. (007) and Zahtab Salmasi et al. (003) on Pimpinella anisum L.

3 Table 1. Results of variance analysis for the effect of sowing date and plant density on some of traits Coriander Sources of variation Replication Sowing date (A) Error a Plant density (B) A B Error b C.V. (%) df Umbel no. plant.7 * 5.87 ** ** ns Fruit 0,045 ns.099 ** ** 0.15 ** Biological ns ** ** ** Harvest index ns ns ns * Fruit yield ns ** ** ** ns, * and ** show non-significance and significance at 5 and 1% level, respectively. Means comparison showed that the umbel number plant decreases with increasing the plant density so that maximum of umbel number plant (average value of 9.51) was obtained in density of 0 plants m and increasing density to and plants m resulted in 10.3 and 13.8 cent reduction in the number of umbel plant, respectively. In this case, there is no significant difference between densities of and plants m (Table 3). It seems that due to increasing competition between plants there are less space and facilities for each plant in high densities compared to lower densities which consequently reduced the number of umbel plant. Sarmadnia and Koochaki (005) stated that when the purpose of cultivation is grain production, excessive plant density unit area causes the fruits and flowers that can be potentially produced not to be produced or become aborted. This result is in agreement with studies results of Boroomand-Rezazadeh et al. (005) on Trachysum copticum L., Koochaki et al. (006) on Foenicolum vulgare Mill. and Ghobadi and Gobadi (010) on Coriandrum sativum L. Fruit and biological Variance analysis results showed that simple effects of sowing date and plant density on fruit and biological became significant at 1% level (Table 1). The highest fruit (1.4 g) was obtained from sowing date of March 30 which was 46.8 and 349.5% more than fruit single plant in sowing dates of April 14 and 9, respectively (Table ). Also, delay in cultivation from March 30 to April 14 and 9 caused biological to reduce 7.1 and 76.8%, respectively (Table ). Early cultivation increased the length of effective growth iod so that each plant had more opportunity and possibility to dry matter production and hence maximum numbers of branches and reproductive organs were produced in each plant and consequently fruit and biological increased. Table. Means comparison for some traits of coriander at different levels of sowing date Sowing Umbel no. Fruit Biological Harvest Index (kg/ha) date plant (g) (g) (%) March a 1.4 a 3.53 a 34.63a a April b 0.84 b.75 b a b April c 0.7 c 0.8 c a c Means with the same letter in each column had no significant difference at 5% level. The results of means comparison revealed that fruit and biological decreased significantly with increasing plant density so that fruit in density of 0 plants m was 4.9 and.1% more than densities of and plants m, respectively (Table 3). Moreover, increasing the plant density from 0 to and plants m reduced biological 45 and 53.6%, respectively. It is noteworthy that in these traits there was no significant difference between densities of and plants m (Table 3). Due to an increasing in inter plants competition, fruit and biological single plant decreased in high densities because intensification of competition for water, light and space. In other words, with increasing plant density reduced the fruit and biomass production potential in because 3

4 reduction of leaf are duration and also more shading and respiration in canopy and finally net photosynthesis and assimilates production reduction. This result is in agreement with findings of Moosavi (011) in subject effect of sowing date and plant density on fruit and biological of fennel. Table 3. Means comparison for some traits of coriander at different levels of plant density 0 Density (plants/m ) Umbel no. plant 9.54 a 8.54 b 8.1 b of single plant (g) 1.01a 0.71b 0.63b Biological (g).96 a.04 b 1.93 b Harvest Index (%) 3.69a 33.14a 3.96a z 0. c 75.1 b a means with the same letter in each column had no significant difference at 5% level. The sowing date and plant density interaction on fruit and biological was significant at 1% level (Table 1). Although increasing density increased significantly fruit and biological in sowing dates March 30 and April 9, but different densities of April 9 sowing date were in same statistical group (Table 4). The highest fruit (1.7 g) was obtained from sowing date of March 30 and density of 0 plants m treatment. In contrast, lowest fruit (0.6 g) was obtained from sowing date of April 9and plant density of 0 plants m treatment (Table 4). The highest biological was equal to 4.61 g and it was obtained from sowing date of March 30 and density of 0 plants m treatment and it s lowest with mean of 0.7 g was achieved in sowing date of April 9 and plant density of plants m treatment (Table 4). In a study on the effects of sowing date and plant density of fennel, Moosavi (011) reported that the highest fruit and biological single plant was observed at the first sowing date and the lowest plant density which is according with current study result. harvest index The results showed that simple effects of sowing date and plant density on harvest index was not significant but their interaction on this index became significant at 5% level (Table 1). Thus can be said that different sowing date and plant density has influenced equally biological and fruit yield. Okut and Yidirum (005) reported that plant density had no effect on harvest index of coriander, too. Means comparison indicated that maximum of harvest index (37.1%) was related to in sowing date of March 30 and density of 0 plants m treatment and its minimum (9.51%) was obtained from sowing date of April 9 and density of 0 plants m treatment (Table 4). Means Table 4. comparison for some traits of coriander at different levels of sowing date and plant density interaction.. Sowing dtae Density (plants/m ) Umbel no. plant of single plant (g) Biological (g) Harvest Index (%) (kg/ha) March a 1.7 a 4.61 a 37.1 a c bc 1.01 b 3.08 bc abc 8.5 b cd 0.97 bc.90 b abc a April ab 1.06 b 3. b bc 1.08 d 9.64 d 0.83 c.35 d ab c 8.4 e 0.63 d 1.98 e 3.34 abc bc April f 0.6 e 0.87 f 9.51 c e 5.63 f 0.7 e 0.70 f bc 84. e 6.1 f 0.3 e 0.90 f abc d Means with the same letter(s) in each column had no significant difference at 5% level 4

5 Changing sowing date and plant density significantly (at 1% level) affected the fruit coriander (Table 1). Means comparison showed that with delay in cultivation from 30 March to 9 April, a reduction of 76.4% occurred in the fruit yield (Table ). The earlier cultivation increased the length of effective growth iod, number of produced branches and length of main stem so that maximum of biomass and reproductive organs such as umbel, umbelet and fruit plant were produced in this treatment which finally caused an increase in fruit yield. The reason for severe reduction of fruit yield in delayed cultivation in addition to shortening of growth season is related to coincidence of inoculation iod and pollination with summer heat which resulted in severe reduction in the numbers of fertile umbels plant and fruits umbel and finally decreasing fruit yield. This result is in agreement with findings of Gujar et al. (005), Zheljazkov et al. (008) on Coriandrum sativum L., Zahtab Salmasi et al. (003) and Rasam et al. (007) on Pimpinella anisum, Malhotra and Vashishtha (007) on Anethum graveolensdhi and Ghorbani et al. (009) on Cuminum cyminum. Also, Soleimani et al. (010) reported 9.9% decrease in fennel yield due to the delay in sowing date from March 5 to May 5. Means comparison revealed that fruit yield increases with increasing plant density and maximum and minimum fruit yields were obtained from densities of and 0 plants m, respectively (Table 3). This 46.7% reduction in fruit yield with decreasing density from to 0 plants m can be explained in this way that although fruit a increased in low densities; this increase could not compensate lack of plant numbers. Therefore, fruit yield unit area decreased. In other words, normally due to lower leaf area index and delay in complete establishment of vegetation cover in low density use of environmental sources especially radiation has reduced and therefore total yield decreases. Findings of Rasam et al. (007) on anise and Ghobadi and Gobadi (010) on coriander proved this result. The sowing date and plant density interaction on fruit yield was significant at 1% level (Table 1). Although with increasing plant density fruit yield increased at all sowing dates, but April 9 sowing date had more increasing as compared with other sowing dates so that with increasing density from 0 to and plants/m fruit yield increased 1.69, 1.79 and 3.47 times in sowing dates of March 30, April 14 and 9, respectively (Table 4). This result can related to changes trend of umbel number m in different sowing dates and plant densities. Maximum fruit yield with mean of kg/ha was obtained from treatment in sowing date of March 30 and density of plants m treatment and minimum fruit yield with mean kg/ha was achieved in sowing date of April 9 and density of 0 plants m treatment (Table 4). In a study on the effects of sowing date and plant density of caraway, Sadeghi et al. (009) reported that the highest fruit yield was observed at the first sowing date and the highest plant density which is according with current study result. CONCLUSION In total given the results of the study, the sowing date of March 30 with the density of plants/m treatment because better growth of plants and subsequently the better canopy development which led ultimately to the better use of solar irradiance and higher photosynthesis and finally highest fruit yield recommended for the cultivation of coriander in Birjand, Iran. REFERENCES Boroomand-Rezazadeh Z, Rezvani Moghaddam P, Rashed Mohassel M. (005) Study of effect of sowing date and plant density on yield components and morphological traits of Trachysmum copticum L. Proceedings of National Conference of Medicinal Herbs Sustainable Development. Mashad, Iran. p 15. Dierchesen A. (1996) Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crop. Coriander, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 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