Published Turf Weeds and Their Control

Transcription

1 Published 1994 Turf Weeds and Their Control

2 Related Society Publications Turfgrass, Agronomy Monograph 32 Contributions from Breeding Forage and Turf Grasses, CSSA Special Publication Number 15 CSSA Slide Sets The Botanical Characteristics of Turfgrasses Diseases of Turfgrasses Maintenance of Athletic Turf Microbiology of Turf Soils Roadside Turfgrass Safety in Pesticide Application Soil Fumigation and Sterilization Thatch in Turfgrass Turfgrass Insects For more information on these titles, please contact the ASA, CSSA, SSSA Headquarters Office; Attn: Marketing; 677 SQuth Segoe Road; Madison, WI Phone: (608) ext Fax: (608)

3 Turf Weeds and Their Control Editor Alfred J. Turgeon Managing Editor David M. Kral Associate Editor Marian K. Viney American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1994 iii

4 Copyright 1994 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER THE U.S. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 (P.L ) Any and all uses beyond the limitations of the "fair use" provision of the law require written permission from the publisher(s) andlor the author(s); not applicable to contributions prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties. Libnry of CoDgress Catal0IPDI-ID-PablicatioD nata Turf weeds and their control I editor, Alfred J. Turgeon; associate editor, Marian K. Viney. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Turfgrasses-Weedcontrol. 2. Turf management. I. Turgeon, A. J. (Alfred J.), II. Viney, Marian K. SB608.T8TI' ' dc CIP Printed in the United States of America Iv

5 CONTENTS FOREWORD... PREFACE... CONTRIBUTORS... Page xii ix xi 1 Weed Taxonomy DAVID W. HALL, LAMBERT B. McCARTY, AND TIM R. MURPHY I. History... 1 II. Identification Methods... 2 III. Grass and Grass-Like Plants IV. Broadleaf Plants References Ecology of Turfgrass Weeds 29 T. L. WATSCHKE AND R. E. ENGEL I. Climatic Influences II. Edaphic Influences III. Survival Mechanisms IV. Weed Ecology and Management References Herbicide Action and Metabolism 37 DONALD PENNER I. Definitions II. Fundamental Principles III. Herbicides Registered for Turfgrass Use References Turfgrass Phytotoxicity from Preemergence Herbicides 71 L. M. CALLAHAN I. Introduction II. Herbicide Phytotoxicity References

6 vi CONTENTS 5 Herbicide Fate in Turf 109 B. E. BRANHAM I. Herbicide Fate Processes II. Fate of Herbicides in Turf References Herbicide Formulation Technology 153 G. B. BEESTMAN AND W. J. KOWITE I. Dry Application II. Biological Herbicides III. Spray Applications IV. Spray Tank Compatibility V. Trends References Application Technology 167 THOMAS REED AND STEVE TITKO I. Liquid Application Systems II. Granular Application Equipment References Control of Turfgrass Weeds 209 LAMBERT B. McCARTY AND TIM R. MURPHY I. Prevention II. Cultural Control III. Mechanical Control IV. Biological Control V. Chemical Control VI. Herbicide Classification and Nomenclature VII. Nonselective Weed Control VIII. Selective Weed Control..., References... ~

7 FOREWORD The turf industry, a $25 billion industry in the U.S. in 1992, ranking as one of the larget agricultural industries, has a co-commitment to support the environmental quality and value of turf to home owners, businesses, recreational, and public areas. The expanded use of turf, combined with expansion in the scientific and technical knowledge about turf taxonomy and ecology, the development of new chemistries and techniques for herbicide application, and the growing concern of society over the fate of pesticides and their environmental impact reflect the need for a treatise on turf weeds and their control. The subjects covered in this book embody in a microcosm the multidimensional nature of agriculture in all of its complexity-scientific, technical, environmental, and social. The Crop Science Society of America and the American Society of Agronomy believe that turf and other crops should be managed in an environmentally, socially, and economically acceptable manner based on sound scientific principles. Further, these societies recognize and emphasize the value of turf-based environments in promoting the wise use of natural resources, and in water and soil conservation. The authors of the chapters of this book are industry and university leaders in their respective subject matter areas. They have given us their best perspectives in a very dynamic field. The American Society of Agronomy and the Crop Science Society of America extend a special acknowledgment and gratitude to the many authors of this book for providing the users a comprehensive approach to weed management in turf. VERNON B. CARDWELL, President Crop Science Society of America CALVIN O. QUAL SET, President American Society of Agronomy

8

9 PREFACE The classical definition of a weed is: a plant growing out of place or growing where it is not desired. According to the Weed Science Society of America, the currently accepted definition is: any plant that is objectionable or interferes with the activities or welfare of man. Within the context of a turfgrass community, the definition can be expanded to: an undesirable plant because of its negative impact on the esthetic appearance, soil stabilizing capacity, or overall utility of a turf. The control of weeds in turfgrass communities may include virtually any practice designed to prevent weed emergence or to effect shifts toward desirable turfgrasses and away from undesirable vegetation. Historically, turfgrass weed control has been heavily dependent upon properly establishing well adapted turfgrasses and creating an environment conducive to their healthy, vigorous growth. As the components of a strategy for resisting weed invasion generally correspond to measures for achieving and maintaining acceptable turf quality, cultural control of turf weeds has generally been synonymous with proper turfgrass culture. Herbicides may be used to control existing weed populations or to enhance the turf's resistance to weed invasion. Because of the role that herbicides often play in tuf weed control strategies, several chapters were developed covering their action and metabolism, formulations, application methods, and practical uses. As some herbicides (especially preemergence types) may cause injury, reduced growth or loss of competitive capacity of selected turfgrasses, a chapter devoted exclusively to this subject was included. Finally, implicit in all current recommendations on the use of herbicides for turf weed control is the avoidance of unacceptable environmental consequences; thus, a chapter on the environmental fate of herbicides was developed to address this concern. Because managing weeds usually involves a combination of chemical and cultural methods, it should be based on a knowledge of the specific weeds to be controlled, the habitats in which they are likely to occur and the means by which they enter and persist in a turfgrass community. This information is covered in the three chapters on weed taxonomy, ecology, and control; and constitutes the foundation on which a turf weed control program should be constructed. A. J. TURGEON Editor ix

10

11 CONTRIBUTORS George B. Beestman B. E. Branham Lloyd M. Callahan Ralpb E. Engel David W. Han WDliam J. Kowite Lambert B. McCarty Tim R. Murpby Donald Penner Tbomas F. Reed Steve Titko Tbomas L. Watscbke Senior Research Associate, DuPont Agricultural Products, Wilmington, DE Associate Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Professor, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Emeritus Professor, Box 339, Milltown, NJ Senior Botanist, KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc., Gainesville, FL Senior Research Scientist, Rhone-Poulenc Ag Products, Research Triangle Park, NC Associate Professor of Environmental Horticulture, Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Associate Professor, Crop and Soil Sciences Department, The University of Georgia, The Georgia Experiment Station, Griffin, GA Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Spraying Systems Company, P. O. Box 7900, Wheaton, IL Manager, Development and Technical Services, Scotts/Hyponex, MarysVille, OH Professor of Tufgrass Science, Agronomy Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802