Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection

Transcription

1 Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl Ann Arbor Press Chelsea, Michigan LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton New York

2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect pest management: techniques for environmental protection / [edited] by Jack E. Rechcigl and Nancy A. Rechcigl. p. cm. (Agriculture & environment series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests -- Biological control. I. Rechcigl, Jack E. II. Rechcigl. Nancy A. III. Series.. SB933.3.I dc CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN /00/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number Library of Congress Card Number Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper

3 Agriculture and Environment Series Jack E. Rechcigl Editor-in-Chief Agriculture is an essential part of our economy on which we all depend for food, feed and fiber. With increased agricultural productivity in this country as well as abroad, the general public has taken agriculture for granted while voicing their concern and dismay over possible adverse effects of agriculture on the environment. The public debate that has ensued on the subject has been brought about, in part, by the indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals and, in part, by disinformation, based largely on anecdotal evidence. At the national level recommendations have been made for increased research in this area by such bodies as the Office of Technology Assessment, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government. Specific issues identified for attention include contamination of surface and groundwater by natural and chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sediment, the continued abuse of fragile and nutrient poor soils, and suitable disposal of industrial and agricultural waste. Although a number of publications have appeared recently on specific environmental effects of some agricultural practices, no attempt has been made to approach the subject systematically and comprehensively. The aim of this series is to fill the gap by providing the synthesis and critical analysis of the state of the art in different areas of agriculture bearing on environment and of environment on agriculture. Efforts will also be made to review research in progress and to comment on perspectives for the future. From time to time methodological treatises as well as compendia of important data in handbook form will also be included. The emphasis throughout the series will be on comprehensiveness, comparative aspects, alternative approaches, innovation, and worldwide orientation. Specific topics will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief with the council of an international advisory board. Imaginative and timely suggestions for the inclusion in the series from individual scientists will be given serious consideration. PUBLISHED TITLES Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems FORTHCOMING TITLES Environmentally Sound Approaches to Insect Pest Management To our parents and our family for their love and support.

4 Dedication To our parents and our family for their love and support.

5 Preface Insect pest management has always been and will continue to be a constant challenge to agricultural producers and researchers alike. As insect resistance to commonly used pesticides builds and the removal of more toxic pesticides from the market continues, controlling insect infestations will become increasingly more difficult. Growers are constantly faced with the dilemma of producing a high quality, pest-free crop within economical means, without endangering the environment and the workers safety. While the environmental concerns are in order, we have to, at the same time, guard against extreme points of view by zealous advocates, since, as the matters now stand, the traditional cultural practices are here to stay, and the use of chemical pesticides, in the foreseeable future, will remain playing an important role in pest management. The purpose of this book is to present a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound approaches applied to commonly used practices in insect pest management. The use of various biological agents and other physiological approaches, as well as of biotechnological techniques, is the subject of a separate publication and will therefore not be covered in this volume. The first part of the book examines specific ecological measures which could be taken to prevent or lessen insect pest infestations of crops. The next section covers a variety of environmentally acceptable physical control measures to prevent insect pests from entering greenhouses and infesting specific plants. Judicious use of chemical pesticides forms the third section which encompasses a choice of recommended formulations and applications of preferable insecticides, including those that could be targeted against the destructive pests, without harming beneficial insects and the surrounding environment. The fourth section presents a detailed account of various agronomic and other cultural practices, which have proven to be effective against insect pests, yet which are considered environmentally sound, as well as other potential measures that could, with suitable modifications, be made environmentally acceptable. A separate chapter is devoted to integrated pest management based on the current state-of-the-art. Section five deals with biological control of insects, including biological control by Bti. The last section of the book is devoted to regulatory and legislative aspects, covering both the inspection and quarantine of plant materials, and the other regulations relating to insecticide control. Each chapter has been written by an expert in the respective field. This publication should be a useful source of information to students and professionals in the field of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, ecology, and environmental sciences, as well as to agricultural practitioners, extension workers and industrial chemists, and last but not least, to all persons concerned with regulatory and legislative matters. The editors wish to thank the individual contributors for the time and effort they put into the preparation of their chapters. In addition, special thanks are due to the Ann Arbor Press and CRC Press Staff and Editorial Board. Jack E. Rechcigl Nancy A. Rechcigl

6 The Editors Jack E. Rechcigl is a Professor of Soil and Environmental Sciences at the University of Florida and is located at the Research and Education Center in Ona, FL. He received his B.S. degree (1982) in Agriculture from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE and his M.S. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) degrees in Soil Science from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. He joined the faculty of the University of Florida in 1986 as Assistant Professor, in 1991 was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1996 attained Full Professorship. In 1999, he was named a University of Florida Research Foundation Professor. Dr. Rechcigl has authored over 200 publications, including contributions to books, monographs, and articles in periodicals in the fields of soil fertility, environmental quality, and water pollution. His research has been supported by research grants totaling over $3 million from both private sources and government agencies. Dr. Rechcigl has been a frequent speaker at national and international workshops and conferences and has consulted in various countries, including Canada, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Philippines, France, and the Czech Republic. He also serves on a number of national and international boards, including the University of Cukurova Mediterranean International Center for Soils and Environment Research in Turkey. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the Agriculture and Environment Book Series, Associate Editor of the Soil and Crop Science Society Proceedings, and until recently Associate Editor of the Journal of Environmental Quality. Most recently he has edited Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis Publishers, 2000), Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1995), and Use of By-Products and Wastes in Agriculture (American Chemical Society, 1997). He is also serving as an invitational reviewer of manuscripts and grant proposals for scientific journals and granting agencies. Dr. Rechcigl is a member of the American Chemical Society, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, International Soil Science Society, Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, various trade organizations, and the honorary societies of Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi Sigma, and Gamma Beta Phi. Dr. Rechcigl has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Sigma Xi Research Award, University of Philippines Research Award, University of Florida Research Honor Award, University of Florida Research Achievement Award, and University of Delaware Presidential Citation for Outstanding Achievement Award. Most recently he was elected a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America, and the recipient of Honorary Professorship from the Czech Agricultural University in Prague.

7 Nancy A. Rechcigl holds the position of entomologist with Yoder Bros. Inc., Parrish, FL, specializing in plant disease and entomological problems of floricultural crops. Prior to joining Yoder Bros., Nancy worked for the University of Florida ( ) as a County Horticultural Agent, providing diagnostic services and information on cultural practices and pest management to horticultural, landscape, and pest control industries. As an Extension Agent she was also responsible for supervising the County Master Gardener Program, providing instructional classes and operating a Plant Clinic that was popular with the urban community. From 1986 to 1989, she worked for Ball PanAm Inc., Parrish, FL as a Plant Pathologist responsible for the disease certification program of ornamental plants. Over the past 12 years, Ms. Rechcigl has given numerous lectures on the identification and control of disease and pest problems of turf and ornamentals. In addition to writing a weekly gardening column Suncoast Gardening for the urban community, she frequently contributes articles to local trade and professional journals. Most recently she has co-edited the books Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), and Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis Publishers, 2000). Ms. Rechcigl received her B.S. degree (1983) in Plant Pathology from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE. She did her graduate work at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, receiving her M.S. degree in 1986, specializing in Plant Virology. Ms. Rechcigl is an active member of the American Phytopathological Society, Entomological Society of America, Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association, Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, and the Honorary Society of Phi Kappa Phi.

8 Contributors D. A. Andow University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota Eitan Ben-Dov Center for Biological Control Department of Life Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be er-sheva, Israel Gary L. Cave Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S. Riverdale, Maryland G. W. Cuperus and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma Clive A. Edwards The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo Economic Research Service U.S.D.A./E.R.S. Washington, D.C. John K. Greifer Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Trade Support Team U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S. Washington, D.C. James Robert Hagler Western Cotton Research Laboratory U.S.D.A./A.R.S. Phoenix, Arizona J. P. Harmon University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota David J. Horn The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Edwin Imai Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S. Riverdale, Maryland Robert P. Kahn Plant Protection and Quarantine Rockville, Maryland Yoel Margalith Center for Biological Control Department of Life Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be er-sheva, Israel P. G. Mulder and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma Michael Ollinger Economic Research Service U.S.D.A./E.R.S. Washington, D.C. Christian Y. Oseto Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

9 Douglas G. Pfeiffer Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia T. A. Royer and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma N. A. Schellhorn University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota

10 Contents Section I Ecological Measures Chapter 1 Ecological Control of Insects...3 David J. Horn Section II Physical Control Chapter 2 Physical Control of Insects...25 Christian Y. Oseto Section III Chemical Control Chapter 3 Ecologically Based Use of Insecticides Clive A. Edwards Chapter 4 Selective Insecticides Douglas G. Pfeiffer Section IV Cultural Practices Chapter 5 Using Cultural Practices to Enhance Insect Pest Control by Natural Enemies N. A. Schellhorn, J. P. Harmon, and D. A. Andow Chapter 6 Implementation of Ecologically-Based IPM G. W. Cuperus, P. G. Mulder, and T. A. Royer Section V Biological Control Chapter 7 Biological Control of Insects James Robert Hagler Chapter 8 Biological Control by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis Yoel Margalith and Eitan Ben-Dov

11 Section VI Regulatory Aspects Chapter 9 Quarantines and Regulations, Pest Risk Analysis, and International Trade Robert P. Kahn, Gary L. Cave, John K. Greifer, and Edwin Imai Chapter 10 Regulation and Its Economic Consequences Michael Ollinger and Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo