INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ANAYSIS AND MODELING TO SUPPORT SUSTANABLE DRYLAND AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODS

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1 AGROPASTORAL SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS: DESCRIPTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND RESTORATION INTERVENTIONS WITH A STRESS ON THEIR WEAKNESSES AND CONSTRAINTS INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ANAYSIS AND MODELING TO SUPPORT SUSTANABLE DRYLAND AGRICULTURE AND LIVELIHOODS

2 ANALYSIS OF THE OASES AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN MOROCCO, FOCUSING ON DATE PALM PRODUCTION ECONOMIC and ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

3 IN MANY SAHARAN OASES THE ENVIRONMENT IS THREATNED BY THE ABANDON OF TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES, MAINLY FOR THE LOSS OF VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL PRODUCTS LIVING IN VILLAGES IS NOT ATTRACTIVE FOR YOUTHS AND THE TIPICAL PRODUCTS ARE MORE EFFECTIVELY PRODUCED ELSEWERE WITH MORE INTENSIVE AND MODERN TECHNIQUES

4 CAUSES: - TRADITIONAL FARMING SYSTEM NEEDS HIGH INPUTS IN TERMS OF LABOR AND WATER IF COMPARED TO THE VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE OBTAINED; - ENVIRONMENTAL AND FARMING SYSTEM FRAGILITY CONSEQUENCES: ABANDON OF THE TERRITORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

5 HOWEVER SOME OF THE TIPICAL OASEAN PRODUCTS STILL RAISE INTEREST IN LOCAL CONSUMERS AND IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET

6 THE CONTEXT MUST BE MADE MORE ATTRACTIVE FOR THE DWELLERS THE ISSUE IS STRONGLY FELT BY THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND IS TACKLED IN VARIOUS WAYS: VALORIZATION OF TERRITORY PRODUCTS AND OF LOCAL TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ARE THE MAIN ONES

7 PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS ARE SOMETIMES BASED ON THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY BUT SOUND INFORMATION IS OFTEN NOT PROVIDED IN THIS CONTEXT TECHNOLOGY IS IN MOST CASES LINKED TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING THEMES AND IN LARGE PART TO MECHANIZATION FOR FIELD, POST-HARVEST AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS, BUT A SOUND ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR OPERATIONAL SOLUTIONS ARE MISSING.

8 GOALS INDIVIDUATE AND EVALUATE POSSIBLE ACTIONS FOR SUSTAINING OASIS ECONOMY, CONTRIBUTING TO ENHANCE ECONOMY, DWELLERS LIVING STANDARD AND ATTRACTIVENESS TOWARD YOUTHS MODERNIZATION OF THE PRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT OF WORK CONDITIONS AND SAFETY ADEQUATE AND SUSTAINABLE METODOLOGICAL/TECHNOLOGAL SOLUTIONS

9 METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION ON TRADITIONAL PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEM SYSTEM ANALYSIS TO INDIVIDUATE WEEKPOINTS AND INEFFICIENCIES STUDY ON AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY AT LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

10 EXPECTED RESULTS PROPOSAL FOR AN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION WITH COST/BENEFITS ANALYSIS PROPOSAL EVALUATION WITH LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND FIELD TRIALS

11 FOCUSING ON DATE PALM MOROCCAN DATE SECTOR COVERS 48,000 HA OF DATE PALM PLANTATIONS, ENCOMPASSING 4.78 MILLION PALM TREES PRODUCERS ARE ESTIMATED TO BE OVER 200,000, MAINLY SMALL-HOLDER FARMERS, OF WHICH ABOUT 10% ARE ORGANIZED INTO COOPERATIVES. THE MAIN DATE PRODUCING REGIONS IN MOROCCO ARE ERRACHIDIA, FIGUIG, OUARZAZATE/ZAGORA AND ACCOUNTING FOR OVER 90 % OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION

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14 METHOD STAKEHOLDERS ACTIONS TAKEN SURVEY DIAGNOSIS PROPOSAL

15 STAKEHOLDERS Name Agence de l Oriental Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l Arganier (ANDZOA) Agence pour la promotion et le développement économique et social des provinces du Sud du Royaume (ADPS) Agricultural cooperatives Belgian Development Agency (CTB) Centre d'etude et de développement des territoires oasiens et désertique (CEDTOD) Direction de l Aménagement du Territoire (DAT) Economic Interest Group (GIE) Fédération Interprofessionnelle Marocaine des Dattes FIMADATTES German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH (GIZ) Initiative Nationale du Développement Humain (INDH) Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Office National de Sécurité Sanitarie des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA) Office National du Conseil Agricole (ONCA) Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole de (ORMVA) Plan Maroc Vert Programme de Développement Local Intégré de l Oasis de Figuig (DéLIO Oasis Figuig) Programme Oasis Drâa (POD) Programme Oasis Sud (POS) Programme Oasis Tafilalet (POT) Provincial Assemblies Regions Réseau des Associations de la Réserve de Biosphère des Oasis du Sud Est Marocain (RARBOSM) Rural communities Stratégie de Développement et d Aménagement des Oasis Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Errachidia (Université Moulay Ismail) Type Public institution Public institution Public institution Cooperative Belgian cooperation agency Association Public Institution Economic consortium Producers association German cooperation agency Public institution Public institution Public institution Public institution Public institution National strategy Local/ Municipality program Regional Program Regional program Regional program Public institution Public institutions UNESCO biosphere reserve Public institution National strategy Public institution

16 VISITED OASES

17 MAJOR OUTLINED PROBLEMS - BAYOUD DISEASE - LACK OF WATER AND SALINITY - POOR MANAGEMENT AND LACK OF OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION - LACK OF INTEREST AND CAUTION BY YOUNG GENERATION - FINANCIAL RESOURCES: ALMOST EVERYONE LAMENTS THE LACK OF MONEY TO INVEST - LACK OF SPECIALIZED WORKERS DURING THE PERIOD OF HIGHER NEED - NEED FOR TIME TAKING AND LABORIOUS OPERATIONS, SOMETIMES DANGEROUS - POOR LOGISTIC FOR TRANSPORT AND MARKETING - DEGRADATION OF GROVES CAUSED BY DESERTIFICATION

18 AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CAN VARY, ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF FARM AND TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLANTATION (TRADITIONAL, SPECIALIZED ETC.), SO NOT ALWAYS WHAT ARE CONSIDERED THE BEST PRACTICES ARE APPLIED Farming operation Soil tillage Fertilizing Irrigation Pruning of leaves Pollination Cleaning of palm/trunk Thinning of flowers Fruit protection Spraying Harvesting Management Rarely done manually. Animal traction is used in small farms, tractor in larger ones Manually by spreading manure in smaller traditional farms, mechanized with use of mineral products in large ones Ditches and channels in traditional groves, drip irrigation in modern plantations Manually by climbing the palm with ladders or belts Mostly manually by old men by climbing the palm, difficult to find young operators. When done is a manual operation, with the use of a chisel Rarely done in traditional groves, even for valuable varieties. Operators have to climb the palm Rarely done in all environments. Operators have to climb the palm Almost never done. When done must be mechanized Always manual, done by climbing the palm with ladders or belts FARMING OPERATIONS FOR DATE PALMS AS CARRIED OUT IN MOROCCO

19 PROPOSAL THERE IS A VERY LIMITED USE OF MACHINES, TRADITIONAL FARMERS USUALLY ARE NOT WILLING TO INVEST, HAVING ONLY A LIMITED AMOUNT OF LAND, AND THE SUBDIVISION IN SMALL PLOTS, OFTEN SCATTERED, MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR MOTORISED EQUIPMENT TO MOVE AROUND EASILY. IN MODERN AGRICULTURE MECHANIZATION HAS ALLOWED TO INCREASE NOTICEABLY WORK OUTPUTS, REDUCING WORK DRUDGERY AND, WHEN CORRECTLY APPLIED, PROTECTING WORKER S HEALTH AND INCREASING SAFETY. THE MOST SUITABLE MECHANIZING INTERVENTION APPEARS TO BE THE ONE BASED ON LIGHT MECHANIZATION, WHICH MEANS SMALL POWER EQUIPMENT IN THE RANGE OF ABOUT KW, SUCH AS 2 WHEEL TRACTORS (MOTOCULTIVATORS), MOTORHOES AND MOTOCULTIVATOR-LINKED TRAILERS.

20 ONE OF THE MAIN LIMITATIONS OF MECHANIZATION IS THE RELATIVELY HIGH INVESTMENT COSTS AND THE NEED FOR SCALE ECONOMY, WHICH MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO ACCESS BY MANY FARMERS AND PARTICULARLY BY SMALLHOLDERS EQUIPMENT OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT BY A SPECIALIZED INDEPENDENT ENTITY SUCH AS A COOPERATIVE, AN NGO OR OTHER IS A MORE MODERN SOLUTION WERE THE OPERATORS ARE SPECIALIZED AND CAN ASSURE THE BEST USE OF THE EQUIPMENT TOGETHER WITH CORRECT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES.

21 INTRODUCING MECHANIZATION Type Power Operation Work characteristics Cost Two-wheel tractor kw rotary tillage working capacity m2/h 5,000 Eur Trailer - transport payload: 400 kg, speed: 5 km/h 2,000 Eur Self-moving platform 9 kw access to palm crown level for 1 operator time for positioning, lifting and lowering: 4 min 30,000 Eur CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTS OF SOME MACHINES SUITABLE FOR USE IN TRADITIONAL PALM GROVES (SOURCE: ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN MARKET CARRIED OUT BY THE AUTHORS IN 2016)

22 THANK YOU