Pothowar: A high yielding medium duration groundnut variety suitable for release and commercial cultivation in Pakistan

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1 Sky Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(7), pp , October, 2016 Available online ISSN Sky Journals Full Length Research Paper Pothowar: A high yielding medium duration groundnut variety suitable for release and commercial cultivation in Pakistan Nazakat Nawaz 1 *, Mubashir Ahmad Khan 1, Muhammad Amjad 3, Muhammad Ayub Khan 1, Zaheer Ahsan 1, Shehzad Asad 2 and Nasir Mehmood Cheema 3 1 Oilseeds Research Program, Crop Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant and Environment Protection, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 Crop Sciences Division, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Accepted 29 September 2016 Line ICGV was selected from International Medium Duration Yield Trial received from ICRISAT. Its performance was evaluated in preliminary, advance, national uniform, adaptability and in agronomic yield trials during the years at National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad and across the country. In preliminary and advance yield trials it gave an average of 24 and 23% higher dry pods yield over check, respectively. On an average of two years, in National Uniform Yield Trials, it gave 12% higher dry pods yield over check. Its performance was also tested on farmer s fields at different locations such as Chakri, Nila, Mari, Khunda, Gondal and Tamman areas, in districts of Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Attock during the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Yield data showed that on an average of six locations this line ICGV produced 19 and 22% higher yields over checks BARD-479 and BARI-2000, respectively. Agronomic studies were conducted during the years at NARC, Islamabad. Results from agronomic studies revealed that response of the new variety to 15 th April sowing time, row and plant spacing of 45 x 10 cm and fertilizer NPK levels kgha -1 was better than other treatments. It was also evaluated under natural field condition against fungal disease (Cercospora personata) and rated as moderately resistance. This variety is high yielding, medium duration with attractive pod color, seed color and better taste. It is a Virginia bunch type variety maturing days earlier than existing varieties BARD-479 and BARI This new variety will be suitable for rainfed as well as irrigated areas of Pakistan. Key words: Evaluation, groundnut, medium duration, variety, yield. INTRODUCTION Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) is one of the world s fifteen leading food crops and cultivated throughout the world. It was grown on an area of 93.8 thousands hectares with annual production of thousands tones and average per hectare dry pods yield 1075 kg ha - 1 (Government of Pakistan ). It is a drought tolerant crop and good for crop rotation in rainfed areas. Because of leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen and maintains soil productivity and contributes substantial amounts of symbiotic nitrogen to cropping *Corresponding author. nawaz_nazakat@yahoo.com. system (Khan et al., 2009; Mokgehle et al., 2014). It is also consumed directly because of its high food value and higher content of oil 46.70%, protein 22.0%, carbohydrate 10.0% and minerals 3.0% (Patra et al., 2011). The average yield of groundnut is far below its potential yield and more than 70% of potential yield yet has not been achieved (Hatam and Abbasi, 1994). Development of new varieties in field crops has significant role to enhance yield of different crops (Naeem-ud-Din et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2016). Improved varieties play a vital role and yield of groundnut crop can be increased up to 30% - 89% with high yielding varieties (Reddy et al., 1993).

2 Nawaz et al. 155 Table 1. Performance of Pothowar (ICGV-92040) in preliminary yield trials conducted during 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons at NARC, Islamabad Increase/decrease Mean over check (%) ICGV ICGV ICGV ICGV BARD-479 (Check) L.S.D (0.05) C.V (%) The role of germplasm in the improvement of cultivated plants has been well recognized. It fuels the entire activities of modern agricultural research, improvement and production. However, the use of germplasm collections, particularly in the developing countries, is still limited despite this wide recognition (Holden and Willium, 1984). There is always need to develop improved varieties with high yield and good quality characteristics (Naeem-ud-Din et al., 2012; Raut et al., 2010; Haq et al., 2002). Khan et al. (2009) evaluated five high yielding groundnut genotypes and found significant differences for pod yield kg ha -1, maturity period, mature kernel percentage, pods per plant, among the locations, genotypes and location x genotype interaction. Zamurrad et al. (2013) evaluated seven promising groundnut lines for pod yield and other characters under rainfed conditions. They found that varieties BARI-2011 and PG produced the higher yields of 3684 kgha -1 and 3617 kgha -1, respectively. Kumar et al. (2014) evaluated fifteen groundnut genotypes obtained from ICRISAT for qualitative parameters and found that genotype ICG-4389 best for pods yield (q ha -1 ), kernel yield (q ha -1 ) and genotype ICG for pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant and seed index. In the present study, the results of evaluation of medium duration groundnut entries over years and trials has been presented leading to the identification of high yielding Virginia bunch type groundnut variety POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) suitable for commercial cultivation in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Line ICGV was evaluated in preliminary and advance yield trials in and , keeping row to row and plant to plant spacing of 45 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Then it was with other eight entries tested in National Uniform Yield Trials. Theses entries were sent to ten locations across the country viz, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Oilseeds Research Institute, Faisalabad, Groundnut Research Station, Attock, Agricultural Research Station, Karak, Agricultural Research Institute, Mingora Swat, Agricultural Research Institute, Quetta, Arid Zone Research Institute, D.I.Khan, Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur and Agriculture Research Station, Sanghar. These entries including ICGV were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2004 and Four rows of four-meter length of each entry were planted keeping row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing of 45 cm and 10 cm, respectively NPK kg ha -1 was applied at the time of planting. 500 kg ha -1 was applied at flowering to get better pods development. It was tested on larger plot size of 180 meters squares during the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 at different locations of Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Attock districts. Agronomic studies were conducted on sowing dates (First & 15 th April, First and 15 th May, First and 15 th June, First and 15 th July), row and plant spacing (30 cm x 10cm, 30 cm x 15 cm, 30 cm x 20 cm and 45 cm x10 cm, 45 cm x 15 cm, 45 cm x 20 cm and 60 cm x 10 cm, 60 cm x 15 cm, 60 cm x 20 cm) and on NPK fertilizers with different doses of (0-0-0 kg ha -1, kg ha -1, kg ha -1, kg ha -1, kg ha -1 and kg ha -1 ) during the years Oil content of this line was estimated at maturity by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrop-hotometer. Oil content was expressed in percentage (Anonymous, 1995). The yield data collected at harvest were analyzed statistically by using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at 5% level of probability (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Cluster analysis (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) was carried out for dendrogram to distinguish the accessions from each other. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In preliminary yield trials on an average of two years, line ICGV produced the highest dry pods yield of 2507 kg ha -1, which is 24% higher than check variety BARD- 479 (Table 1). Line ICGV further tested in advance yield trials during the years 2001 and 2002 and on an average of two years results it expressed the maximum dry pods yield of 3556 kg ha -1, which is 23% higher over

3 156 Sky. J. Agric. Res. Table 2. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in Advance Yield Trials conducted during 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons at NARC, Islamabad Increase/decrease Mean over check (%) ICGV ICGV ICGV ICGV BARD-479 (Check) L.S.D (0.05) C.V (%) Table 3. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in national uniform groundnut yield trials conducted during 2004 across ten locations of Pakistan. Lines NARC Chak F.bad Attock Karak Swat Quetta D.I.Khan B.pur Sanghar Mean Chinese BARD CGOO ICGV ICGV KCG ICGX Australian C.V (%) L.S.D (0.05) Table 4. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in national uniform groundnut yield trials conducted during 2005 across ten locations of Pakistan. NARC Chak. Attock F.bad B.pur Quetta Swat Karak DIKhan Sanghar Mean 02CGO ICGV KCGO BARD ICGV Chinese ICGX Australian L.S.D (0.05) N.S 153 C.V (%) check variety BARD-479 (Table 2). Yield performance of this promising line was tested at ten locations that is at five locations of rainfed and five locations of irrigated across the country in national uniform yield trials. On an average of ten locations during the year 2004, it gave dry pod yield of 2793 kg ha -1, which is 15% higher yield than check variety BARD-479 (Table 3). Trial was repeated on the same ten locations during the year 2005 and the line ICGV produced the highest dry pods yield of 2507 kg ha -1, which is 9% higher than check variety BARD-479 (Table 4). Further it was evaluated on farmer s fields at different locations such as Rawalpindi (Chakri), Chakwal (Nila, Tamman) and Attock (Mari, Khunda, and Gondal). Average dry pods yield of six years this line indicated 19% and 22% higher yield over the checks BARD-479 and BARI-2000, respectively (Table 7). To explore its yield potential agronomic trials consisting of different sowing dates, row and plant spacing and NPK requirements were conducted during the years 2001 and 2002, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Data showed that line ICGV expressed good performance in all agronomic trials as given in (Tables 8, 9 and 10). It was

4 Nawaz et al. 157 Table 5. Stability analysis of 8 groundnut genotypes planted at 5 locations under rainfed conditions in national uniform yield trials during Mean Pod Yield (kg ha -1 ) R 2 Bi 2 S 2 d Chinese BARD CGO ICGV ICGV KCGO ICGX Australian Table 6. Stability Analysis of 8 groundnut genotypes planted at 5 locations under irrigated conditions in national uniform yield trials during Mean Pod Yield (kg ha -1 ) R 2 Bi 2 S 2 d Chinese BARD CGO ICGV ICGV KCGO ICGX Australian Table 7. Performance of ICGV in Farmers fields across years and locations under rainfed conditions. Year Locations ICGV (yield kg ha -1 ) BARD-479 (C) (yield kg ha -1 ) BARI-2000 (C) (yield kg ha -1 /ha) Increase over check BARD-479- (%) Increase over check BARI (%) 2008 Chakri(Rawalpindi) Nila (Chakwal) Mari (Attock) Khunda (Attock) Gondal (Attock) Tamman (Chakwal) Average Table 8. Response of POTHOWAR to different sowing dates during 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons. Sowing dates Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2001 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2002 First April th April First May th May First June th June First July th July L.S.D (0.05) C.V (%)

5 158 Sky. J. Agric. Res. Table 9. Response of POTHOWAR to plant spacing during 2007 and 2008 rainy season. Row and Plant spacing (cm) Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2007 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) x x x x x x x x x L.S.D (0.05) C.V (%) Table 10. Response of POTHOWAR to NPK fertilizer doses during the 2008 rainy season. Treatments (NPK kg ha -1 ) Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) BARD-479 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) ICGV L.S.D (0.05) C.V (%) Table 11. Reaction of POTHOWAR to Tikka disease under natural field conditions. Lines ICGV BARD-479 (Check) Disease Reaction (0-9 scale) 3 R 5 MR Table 12. Development history of variety Pothowar S/No Year Trials Preliminary yield trial Preliminary yield trial Advance yield trial+ Date of Sowing trial Advance yield trial+ Date of Sowing trial Seed multiplication National Uniform Yield Trial National Uniform Yield Trial Seed multiplication Row and plant spacing trial Adaptability yield trial + Plant spacing trial + Fertilizer (NPK) trial Adaptability yield trial Adaptability yield trial Adaptability yield trial Adaptability yield trial Adaptability yield trial evaluated under natural field conditions against fungal disease (Cercospora personata) and rated as moderately resistance (Table 11). Disease data was collected with the help of Crop Disease Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. Development history and description of the agronomic and morphological traits of the varieties are given in the (Tables 12 and 13), respectively. Cluster analysis was carried out on an average of two years data to construct Dendrogram by Genotype x

6 BARD CGO05 ICGX Australian Chinese ICGV Pothowar 2KCGO17 Nawaz et al. 159 Table 13. Description of agronomic and morphological traits of Pothowar as compared to checks Characteristics POTHOWAR BARD-479 BARI-2000 Maturity days Maturity duration Medium Long Long Plant height cm cm cm Growth habit Bunch Semi spreading Bunch Plant color Dark green Medium Green Medium Green Leaf size Medium Medium Medium No. of seeds per pod Seed size Large Large Large Potential yield 4200 kg/ha Cluster-I Cluster-II Cluster-III Cluster-IV Cluster-V Figure 1. Dendrogram of eight groundnut genotypes. Environmental Interaction Bi-Plot (GEIB) software (Figure 1). Dendrogram divided 10 genotypes into 5 clusters. Cluster-I had 3 genotypes namely BARD-479, 02CGO05 and ICGX Cluster-II had 2 genotypes, Australian and Chinese. Cluster-III, Cluster-IV and Cluster-V had one genotype each namely ICGV-93163, ICGV and 2KCGO17, respectively. Cluster analysis has traditionally been used to distinguish the accessions from each other. This Dendrogram clearly shows that the line ICGV is genetically different from BARD-479 check as both are lying in different clusters. Stability analysis showed that the line ICGV was stable as its b-value is close to unity, high R 2 and low S 2 d values under rainfed conditions (Table 5). Whereas under irrigated conditions line ICGV performed better under favourable environment (Table 6). It has distinct characters to distinguish from other approved varieties that are high yield, medium duration, kernel large size and sweet in taste. Conclusion A medium duration high yielding Virginia bunch type variety POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) was recorded consistently significant superior pod yield across trials locations and seasons and matures days earlier than existing varieties BARD-479 and BARI It has yield potential of 4200 kg ha -1 with an average yield of 2600 kgha -1. It has moderate resistance against Tikka Disease (Cercospora personata L.) and less defoliation at harvest. Hence, recommended for release for general

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