BEYOND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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1 BEYOND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. GEOFFREY WALL Distinguished Professor Emeritus Geography and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada 11th UNWTO/PATA FORUM ON TOURISM TRENDS AND OUTLOOK GUILIN, CHINA, OCTOBER 2017

2 30 YEARS OF SD 1987 OUR COMMON FUTURE, BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE OF SD EXTENSIONS: RIO MILLENNIUM GOALS INDICATORS CHALLENGES OXYMORON SINGLE / MULTIPLE SECTOR SCALE PRODUCT, PROCESS, PLAN, PHILOSOPHY? IMPRECISION: STRENGTH,WEAKNESS

3 BEYOND SUSTAINABILITY THREE POINTS ROLE OF CULTURE RESILIENCE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS

4 CULTURE LIMITATIONS OF BRUNDTLAND REPORT BALI SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT 1989 UNIVERSITY BASED INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM WITH LINKS TO GOVERNMENT PRELIMINARY STRATEGY TABLED JUNE 1991 (3 years) FINAL DOCUMENT SUBMITTED NOVEMBER 1992

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8 RESPONSES PROCESS - LOCAL INPUTS INCREASED STUDY SITES FROM 6 TO 8 FIELD TEAM COMPOSITION WORKSHOP STRUCTURE LANGUAGE USED TIMING OF DOCUMENT SUBMISSION CONCEPTUALIZATION USE OF BALINESE CONCEPTS TRI HITA KARANA DESA, KALA, PATRA

9 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION FOR BALI CONTINUITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION CONTINUITY OF CULTURE DEVELOPMENT AS A PROCESS THAT ENHANCES THE QUALITY OF LIFE

10 SD CRITERIA FOR BALI CRITERIA ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY EFFICIENCY EQUITY COMMUNITY CULTURAL INTEGRITY CONTINUITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND MEANS OF PRODUCTION BALANCE DEVELOPMENT AS REALIZATION OF POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION TO VILLAGE LIFE INDICATORS: INSTITUTIONS (BANJAR and SUBAK)

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12 RESILIENCE DEFINITIONS SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION IN THE PRESENCE OF RISK OR ADVERSITY ADAPTATION. THE OUTCOME OF AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS INVOLVING RISK, PROTECTION OR PROMOTION (Jenson and Fraser 2015) THE CAPACITY OF A SYSTEM TO ABSORB DISTURBANCE AND REORGANISE WHILE UNDERGOING CHANGE SO AS TO RETAIN ESSENTIALLY THE SAME FUNCTION, IDENTITY AND FEEDBACKS (Walker et al. 2004) THE CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND SYSTEMS TO SURVIVE, ADAPT AND GROW IN THE FACE OF SHOCKS, AND EVEN TRANSFORM WHEN CONDITIONS REQUIRE IT. BUILDONG RESILIENCE IS ABOUT (BEING) BETTER PREPARED TO WITHSTAND CATASTROPHIC EVENTS BOTH NATURAL AND MANMADE AND TO BOUNCE BACK MORE QUICKLY AND EMERGE STRONGER FROM THESE SHOCKS AND STRESSES (The Rockefeller Foundation 2016 MEANS: REFLECTION ON PAST EXPERIENCES CASES TSOU COMMUNITIES IN ALISHAN WU s WORK ON DABANG

13 RESILIENCE THINKING EMERGED IN ECOLOGY IN 1970s PARADIGM BEING INCREASINGLY APPLIED IN PUBLIC POLICY RECEIVING INCREASING ATTENTION AMONG TOURISM RESEARCHERS DEFINITIONAL AND PROCEDURAL CHALLENGES

14 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE (After Lew et al. 2016) ASSUMPTIONS: HARMONY POSSIBLE BETWEEN HUMAN SOCIETY AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOCUS: SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS; GLOBALIZATION; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT METHODS: CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND ACTIONS, ESPECIALLY GOVERNANCE, EDUCATION AND LEARNING AS IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS GOALS: SYSTEM SURVIVABILITY, SECURITY AND WELL-BEING (SOCIAL AND BIODIVERSITY); SENSE OF PLACE AND BELONGING (HERITAGE)

15 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE (After Lew et al. 2016) SUSTAINABILITY ASSUMPTIONS: STABILITY AND BALANCE ARE THE NORM OR POSSIBLE GOALS: NORMATIVE IDEALS (CONSERVATION, FAIRNESS INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY,) RESEARCH FOCUS: IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT/ GROWTH; OVERUSE OF RESOURCES, CARBON FOOTPTINTS METHODS: WISE USE, CHANGE MITIGATION, RECYCLING AND GREENING, EDUCATION FOR BEHAVIOR CHANGE CRITICISM: POORLY DEFINED, HIGHLY POLITICIZED RESILIENCE NONLINEAR, UNPREDICTABLE, CHANGE AND CHAOS NORMAL STRATEGIC, DYNAMIC, SELF - ORGANIZING SYSTEMS, LEARNING, INNOVATION DISASTER MANAGEMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, NETWORKS REDUCE VULNERABILITY, INCREASE CAPACITY FOR CHANGE, SYSTEM FEEDBACK, EDUCATION FOR INNOVATION CAUSES OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE NOT ADDRESSED

16 REFLECTIONS ON RESILIENCE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?? SAME? DIFFERENT? EXTENSION?

17 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the resource base

18 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS cont d People-centered Multiple sources of livelihood Focus on livelihood security Recover from stress or shocks Maintain or enhance capabilities or assets Provide sustainable livelihood opportunities Short-term coping mechanisms Long-term adaptive strategies How might tourism fit into existing livelihood strategies to enrich (diversify) rather than replace? Key elements: adaptive strategies and empowerment

19 SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS

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21 CONCLUSIONS SD WIDELY ENDORSED BUT DIFFICULT TO APPLY OPPORTUNIES TO BUILD ON PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES BY: GIVING MORE ATTENTION TO CULTURE CONSIDERATION OF RESILIENCE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS REPHRASE BASIC QUESTIONS NOT: IS TOURISM SUSTAINABLE? RATHER: WHETHER AND IN WHAT FORMS CAN TOURISM CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (broadly conceived)?

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