A Manual on Pesticides Used in Cocoa

Transcription

1 A Manual on Pesticides Used in Cocoa Roy Bateman, International Pesticide Application Research Consortium (IPARC), UK Abidjan, 11 December 2013 RPB 2013; Cocoa_Pesticides_Abidjan13 v. 1.0

2 Achieving sustainable intensification?

3 Pesticides subject of debate

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5 Controversy, various stakeholders

6 Why a manual? Specific advice requested from ICCO member countries Neglected subject, no existing manual focusing on pesticide issues in cocoa 1 st edition (August 2008) - focus on W. Africa and new EU/Japan regulations 2 nd edition: finalised March 2010

7 emphasis on Africa and EU, because:

8 Complicated and interdisciplinary, so 3 rd Edition : update 2013 Free to down-load on Regular online updates (especially pesticide lists) 3-4 times /year

9 3 rd Edition (end 2013) Updates (and corrections!) New section on pesticide application Re-organisation with main sections on The major pesticide groups Other quality issues More on Latin American issues Finalised version for translation: French (and other languages?)

10 Contents 1. Introduction (regulatory) 2. Pesticides and their properties 3. Safety, residues (and how to manage them) 4. Application methods 5. Good agricultural practices 6. Good warehouse practices 7. Recommendations Appendices including: Active substance (AI) lists - not products based on literature, CABI surveys, etc. National regulatory responsibilities Background How to do? Recommendations

11 The Moniliophthora diseases Witches broom Moniliophthora (Crinipellis) perniciosa Frosty pod rot (FPR) Moniliophthora roreri Principal management issues: phytosanitation (limited) efficacy of control agents

12 Pesticide lists: Appendix 3 becoming more complicated: global scope, 1 st Edition had 2 categories (useful / do not use) A. Strategic list for key pests (effectively recommendations, EU/Japanese/US import tolerances and evidence of efficacy) B. Compounds to be used with great CAUTION (major issues, limited time remaining, etc) C. Lists of experimental control agents for possible future inclusion in category A D. Pesticides that MUST NOT BE USED for cocoa Regular updates (especially pesticide lists) on:

13 Continuously, issues arise Neo-nicotinoid controversy then EU moratorium in 2013 Bee hives commonly encountered in cocoa gardens but bees not the most important natural pollinators

14 Natural Pollination Courtesy Sarah Arnold (NRI) see:

15 Pollinators Entwistle (1972): It is doubtful if the effects of insecticides on insect pollination of cocoa or on the pollination mechanism have been adequately investigated

16 Since 2010 ** * Source: Kenji Kaminaga, Kuala Lumpur, 2011

17 so would it be appropriate to place some NNI insecticides (e.g. imidacloprid) in category B: Recommend/use with great caution? For discussion this afternoon.!

18 Certification putting farmers at the centre ; improving incomes; transparency; traceability for consumers Labour, economic, environmental and phytosanitary standards: GAP, maintenance of soil fertility and water resources; no GMOs conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behaviour. Code of Conduct covering GAP, social and environmental criteria; certification.

19 Quality and food safety in Certification How the different codes address quality Physical quality Flavour quality Mitigation of FFAs Mitigation of pesticide residues Minimising PAH Minimising Ota Traceability/lot integrity/fumigation Industry UTZ Rainforest Alliance FAIR TRADE Courtesy Martin Gilmour

20 Responsible Pesticide Use (RPU) a sub-set of GAP and IPM: targeting How to apply? What to apply? When to apply?

21 Application issues

22 Minimum requirements, Intermediate technology needed?

23 A reference The Manual now covers techniques for cocoa

24 Hitting the target How much spray lands on the biological target?

25 Extension message: spray run-off?

26 Smallholders: variable cone nozzles >90% of sprayers use these in some countries are impossible to calibrate reliably!! squirting - extremely inefficient and makes poor canopy management appear legitimate

27 courtesy J.Cooper, NRI Extension message No pods must be accesible Tall trees are difficult: to monitor to spray! to harvest

28 Dose on target (e.g. pod) Pesticide breakdown Avoiding illegal residues: Pre-Harvest Intervals Application dosage Double rate Label rate Half rate time after application PHI MRL (axes are linear)

29 If farmers can t calibrate their sprayers, how do they know if they are under/ over dosing?

30 Variable cone nozzles: designed-in Bad Agricultural Practice?

31 Variable nozzle variability: What not to recommend to a farmer! Output from 3 variable cone nozzles flow rate L.min VMD, -Dv,0.1 +Dv,0.9 (µm) number of turns 0 flow A flow B flow C VMD - nozzle A VMD - nozzle B VMD - nozzle C

32 Sprayer standards: FAO minimum guidelines Nozzles supplied with or recommended for a sprayer should be manufactured to international standards (ISO). The sprayer manufacturer should include in the sprayer manual, information on: nozzle flow rates, characteristic spray patterns and spray angles

33 The Cocoa Nozzle concept A recipe not a product Narrow cone Fixed setting Optimised droplet size 2x - 3x dose transfer efficiency? Bateman (2004) Crop Protection, 23:

34 Photos: Nick Jessop Application with motorised mistblowers Spray projected up taller trees Small droplets to maximise coverage but settings not optimised in practice.

35 Recommendations Strategic cocoa pesticides Regional recommendations? Capacity building for applied R&D in crucial areas (e.g. alternatives to phostoxin?) Communication: putting rational pesticide use on the agenda (FFS etc.) National responsibilities and re-skilling Pesticide knowledge Application techniques Harmonisation of standards by importing countries

36 Next generation of pesticide scientists? SAS T o T o T? Final revision for January 2013 Many thanks (in advance) for your attention, help, ideas and comments Download from: