South-South Cooperation & Climate Change

Transcription

1 The 12th UEF-UNEP Course on Multilateral Environmental Agreements South-South Cooperation & Climate Change Dr. Jian Liu, Director of UNEP-IEMP Dr. Chao Fu, Research Fellow 6 November 2015

2 Topics 1. UNEP-IEMP 2. Why SSC and CC 3. Making the case: UNEP-China SSCCC 4. Next Steps by UNEP-IEMP 2

3 Introduction of UNEP-IEMP Officially launched in November 2011 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) UNEP s first collaborating center in the South and for the South Niche: Ecosystem management, South-South Cooperation, and science-policy interface Technical backup: the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) Roadmap: Inception ( ), development ( ), full operation (2016-) 3

4 Mission and Vision To enhance the role of ecosystem management as a vital approach to working with nature for a world with a green economy. MISSION To provide science, policy and capacity support to developing countries in order to integrate ecosystem management into their national policies to enhance delivery of ecosystem services for human well-being. 4

5 Overall framework of UNEP-IEMP E.A.1 Capacity Building and Technology Transfer (CBTT) E.A.2 Making the Case through Assessment and Demonstration (MCAD) E.A.3: Enhancing Science Policy Interface (SPI) Thematic Areas: Ecosystem services Biodiversity Climate change adaptation REDD+ E.A. 4 Institutional Development (ID): fund, staff, management, partnership, communication 5

6 Milestones 3 rd Steering Committee Meeting 6

7 Our Team Photo taken in June

8 Topics 1. UNEP-IEMP 2. Why SSC and CC 3. Making the case: UNEP-China SSCCC 4. Next Steps by UNEP-IEMP 8

9 South-South Cooperation South-South co-operation originally refers to technical and economic cooperation among countries of the developing world (Africa, developing Asia, Latin America, and Middle East). It began in the 1950s and was approached in a strategic framework, namely the Buenos Aires Plan of Action, in Its scope has expanded beyond government-togovernment exchanges to include businesses as well as civil society, educational institutions, multilateral financial mechanisms, regional banks and research centers, on a broad range of economic, social, and environmental issues. 9

10 South-South Trade South-South merchandise trade grew from $577 billion in 1995 to more than $2 trillion in 2006, and accounted for 20 per cent of world trade in 2007." Kaplinsky, Raphael and Masuma Farooki (2009), Africa s Cooperation with New and Emerging Development Partners: options for Africa s development ; report prepared for the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 10

11 SSC & Sustainable Development The Future We Want, the Outcome document of Rio+20, reiterated support for South-South cooperation, as well as triangular cooperation, which provides much needed additional resources to the implementation of development programmes. the positive experiences in some countries, including in developing countries, in adopting green economy policies and welcome the voluntary exchange of experiences as well as capacity building in the different areas of sustainable development (paragraph 64). that the voluntary sharing of knowledge, experience and best practices can enhance the implementation of actions to achieve the 3 objectives of Rio+20 (paragraph 104). 11

12 South-South Cooperation Cooperation between and among developing countries offers a path to balancing growth and equity, and we need to continue encouraging and learn from emerging partners in the global South to promote prosperity for all. Ban Ki-moon, 2014 South-South Cooperation (SSC) has become the expression of collaboration and partnership among countries from the South, interested in sharing, learning, and exploring their complementary strengths to go beyond their traditional role as aid recipients. TT-SSC, OECD Development Assistance Committee,

13 Climate Change VS Developing Countries 13

14 Vulnerability to Climate Change Source: Maplecroft,

15 Needs of Developing Countries Financing needs Technology and capacity-building needs 100% 80% 60% 40% Region: 亚太 AP 非洲 Af. 加拉 LC LDC SIDS 20% 0% Source: World Bank, 2010 Economic/market 经济 / 市场 Human 人力 Info./awareness 信息 / 意识 Institutional 体制机构 Policy 政策 Regulatory 规章 Technical 技术 Source: UNFCCC, 2009 Infrastructure 基础设施 其他 Other 15

16 UNFCCC Negotiations and Decisions UNFCCC Article 4.1 (c), 4.3, 4.5, 4.7:Developed countries shall provide finance, technology and capacity support to developing countries. UNFCCC Bali Roadmap Cancun Agreements Lima call for climate action COP7, 2001 COP15, 2009 COP18, COP13, 2007 COP16, 2010 COP20, 2014 Marrakesh Accords Copenhagen Accord Doha Gateway 16

17 Global climate finance architecture Contributors 澳洲加拿大 EU 法国德国日本挪威英国美国 Bilateral institutions IFCI GCCA ICI FSF ICFI ICF GCCI 日本 FFEM BMZ MOFA DEFRA Ex-Im 日本 MIES GIZ JBIC NORAD 日本 DECC OPIC AusAID CIDA 日本 AFD KfW JICA 日本 ODIN DFID USAID Multilateral institutions UNFCCC financial mechanisms JI CDM GCF AF 市场市场 LDCF SCCF GEF GEF4 GEF5 联合国机构 UN-REDD UNDP UNEP FAO FCPF CBFF MDBs WB ADB AfDB EBRD Non-UNFCCC mechanisms CIFs FIP CTF SCF GEEREF EIB SREP 私人资金 IADB PPCR Recipient countries National implementing agencies National climate funds (ICCTF Amazon Fund) 17 Source:

18 SSC & CC (1) South-to-South financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation has increased in the recent years (Stephen Minas, 2014). In 2013 there was $92.7 billion in new investment in renewable energy in developing countries, compared to $121.7 billion in developed countries. Growing South-originating cross-border finance Policy banks Private sector The growing market for green bonds 18

19 SSC & CC (2) UNFCCC NAPAs & NAPs & NCs Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation UN-REDD Programme CTCN Dedicated window for SSC under the Trust Fund Growing networks and centres in the global south Global Adaptation Network led-by UNEP, consisting of the ACPC, APAN, AAKnet, and the REGATA... 19

20 Portfolio of institutions and networks working on CC in the South Global Af AP LAC EU National Total International Convention 3 3 UN agency Intergovernmental Institution Rearch Institution Financial and Development Institution NGO Foundation Project Partnership Network Internet Platform In total Source: Stocktaking by the UNEP-IEMP. 20

21 SSC & CC (3) Niche SSC is a new dimension of international cooperation on climate change, complementing traditional NSC Future directions Knowledge sharing, capacity building and policy support, as well as catalyzing new financial flows. Focal area of priority: capacity building for readiness Mechanism Platforms are needed for promotion and upscaling of SSCCC Integral part of post 2015 agreement under the UNFCCC UNEP-IEMP. Draft Discussion Paper for Strategic Dialogue on South-South Cooperation on Climate Change, 27 August 2015, Beijing, China 21

22 Topics 1. UNEP-IEMP 2. Why SSC and CC 3. Making the case: UNEP-China SSCCC 4. Next Steps by UNEP-IEMP 22

23 China s SSC initiatives China is an active advocate and practitioner to South-South cooperation. Over the past 60 years, China has been supporting and participating in south-south cooperation in various fields, providing the greatest support on capital, technology and capacity to other developing countries. Forum on China- Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) China-CELAC Forum Belt and Road (B&R) initiative 23

24 China s new commitments on SSC Announced by President Xi Jinping at the UN New York Summit, September 2015: Aid to LDCs: US$12 billion by SSC Fund for CC: US$ 3.1 billion SSC Aid Fund: US$ 2 billion (the 1 st term) China-UN Fund for Peace and Development: US$ 1 billion Volunteer military aid to AU: US$ 100 million Contribution to UNWomen: US$ 10 million In total: US$

25 China s experiences on CC Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) South-South Cooperation on Science and Technology to Address Climate Change- Applicable Technology Manual (2 nd edition, 2011) Desertification control Drought-resistant seedling plantation Solar energybased irrigation Loess Plateau Algae removal Desert shrub breeding Coastal mangrove restoration 25 25

26 China has set the precedence for SSCCC (1) The 12th Five-Year Plan (China) will provide help and support to developing countries in confronting the challenges of climate change. - Released in March 2011 Vice Chairman of NDRC, Xie Zhenhua China s SSC Programme on Climate Change (SSCP) - annouced at COP17, 2011 Premier, Wen Jiabao China will allocate ~USD 31.7 million (RMB 200 million) to assist LDCs, SIDS and African countries in addressing climate change over the next three years. - announced at the Rio+20 Earth Summit

27 China has set the precedence for SSCCC (2) President Xi Jinping China will unswervingly work together with other developing countries to address climate change... - indicated during his visit in Africa and LAC in 2013 Premier Li Keqiang UNEP and China agree to harness their "strengths, capacities and resources" to assist countries of the Global South combat climate change. - endorsed during his visit in Nairobi, Kenya, in May 2014 Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli China will double its investment on SSCCC (to ~US$ 23 million/year)...will offer US$ 6 million to support the UN Secretary-General in promoting SSC on CC - announced at the UN Summit on Climate change in September

28 China s SSC initiatives related to climate change Ministries National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Examples South-South Cooperation Program on Climate Change (SSCP) since 2011 South-South Cooperation Project on Ecosystem- Based Adaptation launched in 2013 with the UNEP NDRC-UNEP MOU on SSCCC signed in 2014 Since 2009, MOST has initiated the Science and Technology Partnership Program (STEP), including the MOST-UNEP Africa Water Initiative) initiated in October 2010 Applicable Technology Manual for South-South Cooperation on Science and Technology to Address Climate Change (2nd Edition, 2011) The Network/Platform for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Address Climate and Achieve Sustainable Development ( 28

29 China s SSC initiatives related to climate change Ministries National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Ministry of Commerce (MOC), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), The State Forestry Administration (SFA), Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) Examples Since 2009 the Research Fund for International Young Scientists to support their research in mainland China. In 2010, NSFC made remarkable progress on SSC by signing a MOU with UNEP. In 2009, CAS initiated Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists and Fellowship for Young Foreign Scientists. In 2011, CAS co-launched UNEP-IEMP with UNEP. In 2013, CAS launched the Science and Education Cooperation Outreach Programme in developing countries. Foreign aid projects in all the fields. In October 2008, SFA sponsored the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet). In November 2008, MOC co-launched the SS-GATE with UNDP. 29

30 UNEP-NDRC Collaboration UNEP: IPCC, CTCN, GAN, PROVIA... NDRC: SSCCC initiatives since 2011 Joint efforts: GEF EBA-SSC project ( ) UNEP-NDRC MOU on SSCCC (2014) UNEP-IEMP (2011-) Lima SSCCC Forum (8 Dec, 2014) 30

31 Ecosystem-based Adaptation through South-South Cooperation (EBA-SSC) Enhancing Capacity, Knowledge and Technology Support to Build Climate Resilience of Vulnerable Developing Countries EbA South has been recognised as a first mover in catalysing global and regional collaboration on EbA under GEF guidelines, in particular within the framework of South-South cooperation Funded by GEF - SCCF Implemented by UNEP Executed by NDRC (China) through Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) UNEP-IEMP provides project management services Pilot countries: Mauritania, Nepal, Seychelles Duration:

32 E-Discussion/Webinars programme in partnership with EbA Community CAPACITY BUILDING Interregional coordination activities and thematic training workshops KNOWLEDGE SUPPORT Web platform for the sharing of EbA knowledge and good practice TECHONOLOGY TRANSFER Concrete, on-the-ground EbA interventions, implemented within a long term research framework Mauritania 450ha green belt Nepal 495ha catchment restoration Seychelles 500ha mangrove /wetland 32

33 Highlights of EBA-SSC project activities TWO INTERREGIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOPS ON EBA AND REGIONAL NETWORK COOPERATION ORGANISED IN BEIJING IN 2013 CHINA SHARING EBA KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCES The Green Wall in the heart of the Taklamakan Desert HIGH-LEVEL ROUNDTABLE ON EBA IN THE CONTEXT OF SSC, AT COP19,

34 UNEP-NDRC MOU on SSCCC 2014 May, MoU was signed for the Enhancement of Collaboration on South-South Cooperation in Addressing Climate Change between UNEP and NDRC. UNEP and China agree to harness their "strengths, capacities and resources" to assist countries of the Global South combat climate change. 34

35 S-S Cooperation on CC Forum held in Lima during COP20, 8 Dec participants including 6 ministers from China, Egypt, Gabon, Mongolia, Nepal, and Seychelles, 8principals of UN and other international organizations(unep, UNDP, UNFCCC, IPCC, UNCCD, GEF, SDC, and South Centre). Contributed to post-2015 climate negotiations through promotion of SSC as a key part of global action on CC. 35

36 Co-sponsors NDRC UNEP UNDP Supporting Organizations SDC WWF China UNEP-Tongji-IESD INTASAVE UNFCCC CAS 36

37 UNEP-NSFC Cooperative Research Programme November 2010, MOU between NSFC and UNEP was signed in Beijing. March 2013, NSFC confirmed it will invest RMB 50m (USD$8m) in the next 5-years with UNEP on ecosystem management, climate change and chemicals in the developing regions. Topics on climate change in the programme: Research on Ecosystem-based Adaptation(water resources) in the Great Mekong River Basin Climate and environment change in semi-arid area of Central Asia Impact and response of ecosystem processes and patterns to climate change in Northeast Asia Regional assessment of climate change impact on food security and water scarcity in Africa Mechanism of ecosystem degradation (desertification) and scenario analysis in Niger Basin 37

38 Topics 1. UNEP-IEMP 2. Why SSC and CC 3. Making the case: UNEP-China SSCCC 4. Next Steps by UNEP-IEMP 38

39 Two proposals Platform for Promotion of South-South Cooperation on Climate Change (PPSSCCC) Flagship Programme on Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CEL ) 39

40 PPSSCCC EU 27 OECD Umbrella Group Financing SSCCC Technology LDCs Knowledge Capacity Policy Institution BASIC AOSIS OPEC African Group An overarching conceptual framework positioning SSC in global action against climate change in a post 2015 era 40

41 Announced at the Lima SSCCC Forum During the Opening Ceremony, Minister Xie of NDRC called for, inter alia, the establishment of a Platform for Promotion of South-South Cooperation on Climate Change which would be significant as a long-term UN-led multilateral mechanism to enhance policy dialogue, knowledge sharing, capacity building, and technology exchange across developing countries 41

42 Mission To promote and scale-up SSC on climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, compatible with their respective capabilities, national circumstance and sustainable development priorities. Preliminary proposal by UNEP and NDRC 42

43 Mandates Mandate High level policy dialogue Knowledge sharing Capacity building Technology transfer Financial support Description To facilitate high level policy dialogue of developing country governments on climate change through 1 convening international fora with the theme of SSCCC on an annual basis; 2 releasing the global SSCCC report on an annual basis. To support cooperative research and knowledge sharing programmes and projects on climate change adaptation and mitigation including good practices of climate smart cities and resilience building. To enhance the ability of developing countries to identify, plan and implement ways to build climate resilience, develop clean energy and manage climate smart cities through: 1 expanding the number and scope of trainings for human resource and technology; 2 supporting global and regional centers and networks on SSCCC. To encourage technology demonstration and transfer projects in vulnerable sectors and areas of developing countries. Catalyzing new financial flows to support and scale up SSC on climate change 43

44 Governance Science Advisory Committee Multi-stakeholder Steering Committee ADVICE GOVERNING BODY Co-chaired by NDRC and UNEP and composed of senior representatives of UNEOSG UNDP, UNFCCC, BASIC countries, the AMCEN, AOSIS, the LDC group, as well as bilateral and multilateral development and financial agencies. Secretariat Implements decisions and undertakes day-to-day operations. 44

45 Financial support Long-term financial support to fulfill the mandates is expected from: China and other BRICS countries Development agencies Multi-lateral funds Regional and international organizations 45

46 Roadmap Concept note Comments from SAG & SC Consultation Launch of the Platform Development of work plan ( ) Implementation of work plan 2015 June 2016 Consultation workshops: Strategic dialogue on SSCCC, 27 August 2015, Beijing Scoping meeting on SSCCC with UN SG Office, UNEP and NDRC, November 2015, Beijing 2 nd SSCCC Forum, 7 December, Paris 46

47 Flagship programme ECL Goal: to improve livelihoods by building climate resilience and restoring and conserving key ecosystems in developing countries. 47

48 Flagship programme ECL Objectives: Provide scientific evidence, technology support and demonstration projects to promote the value of synergies arising from ecosystem management, combating climate change and improving livelihoods in developing countries; Promote interdisciplinary studies of ecology, economics and climate science and develop methods, tools and models to address crosscutting issues of ecosystem degradation, climate change and poverty; Enhance capacity building for policy setting on comprehensive approaches linking poverty alleviation, climate change and biodiversity conservation; Integrate ecosystem-based approaches into national plans and regional cooperation strategies; and Foster South-South, North-South and Triangular cooperation for ecological civilization and green development nationally and globally. 48

49 Conceptual Framework Climate change Temperature, precipitation, sea level... Primary priority Secondary priority Supporting priority 2 3 Ecosystems Dry land, river basin, coastal zone... 1 Livelihoods Agriculture & forestry, fishery, tourism... Developing countries, SDGs, Scientific community, SSC initiatives... 49

50 Focal Regions and Ecosystem types Note: 1 the largest dryland ecosystem on the earth, ranging from Central Asia-West Asia-Sahara Africa; 2the Greater Mekong Subregion a complex ecosystem entangling rapid economic growth and biodiversity loss; 3 coastal ecosystems of island countries in Pacific and East Africa; 4Congo River Basin; 5 Amazon River Basin. 50

51 Roadmap for Implementation Inception (2016) Stocktaking & consultations Collecting relevant data, information, mapping of hot spots Identifying good practices, innovative approaches and viable technologies A cross-regional, multi-level and interdisciplinary framework for implementation Development ( ) Tangible implementation Assessments Technology transfer and demonstration (5 pilot countries) Capacity building Scaling up ( ) Promotion Scaling up restoration and conservation activities in fragile and pristine ecosystems (> 10 countries) Sharing and exchanging of knowledge, good practices and lessons drawn in the former phases Enhancing science and policy interface 51

52 Integrated ecosystem surveys and assessments along the network of ancient land and maritime Silk Roads ( ) 52

53 Thanks for your attention, and questions welcome! 53