(Rainfall simulator) Morin, et al) Nozzles) (11/2H30) (1HH12)

Transcription

1 Rainfall Simulator 2 3 Rainfall simulator Morin, et al 967 Nozzles 2H30 HH

2 Detremination of rainfall characteristics by using rainfall simulator Ghazi AlMokdad ; MSaid AlShater 2 and Isam Bashour 3 ABSTRACT The study was carried out in the AbuJarash farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus, University by using a rainfall simulator, Which was constructed and set up according to the standard technical specifications, mimiking the Morin et al model, which had been invented in 967 Two types of nozzles were used 2H30 for high rain intensity, and HH2 for low to moderate rain intensities The apparatus was used to simulate the rainfall pattern under Syrian climatic conditions, in order to study its characteristics and effects on Syrian soils There was a possibility of getting constant intensities of rains at different water pressures 04, 08, bars with significant differences, High disk speed 44, 98 rpm gave significant differences in rainfall intensities compared with low disk speed 8, 36 rpm Rainfall properties drop diameter, Kinetic energy, terminal drop velocity were also determined based on different kinds of nozzles and rain intensity Key words Rainfall simulator, Rainfall intensity, Drop diameter, Wter pressure PhD, 2 Professor, Dep Soil Sci, Faculity of AgriculturePO Box 3062, Damascus University 3 Professor, Dep Soil Irrigation and Mechanization, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, American University of Beirut 334

3 Kostinsk Jameson 0 %50 98 Hudson % Morgan 00 Bubenzer 965 Meyer 335

4 a979 Laws Laws Bubenzer Gunn and Kinzer Parsons 7 Parsons Laws Morgan Simanton et al Kincaid et al Robert nozzles 970b Hall 996 Sumner 996 Papendick 977 Oades Grieson 964 Hudson 983 De ploey 336

5 De Bryan, 983 Riezebos Epema Ploey Jacqueline et al Morin 337

6 %30 Spraying System Co in full cone Nozzle ½ H30 Nozzle HH2 USA

7 rain guage 2 3 Skech of the rainfall simulator used in Mali to measurement infiltration and runoff of crusted sandy soilsunitsmm Source Stroosnajder and Hoogmed 984 5Morin Rotating disc 339

8 640 Nozzle HH2 60 Kpa Morine etal Ellison

9 = 2 Nord 99 Nozzle 2H Nozzle HH ] < 6 [

10 % %3 997 Rudolf 964c Hudson b Bentley Hudson Kinzer 2 Gunn 05 = D Parsons Laws D50= a I b = I 08= b 24 = a

11 Gunn and Kinzer 3 =d V= 94 e 063 d Morin 974 Gay et al = V = v 5 E= ½ m v 2 = m = E 958 WISCHMEIR& SMITH 5 E = log I = I 2 J = E 343

12 a 4057 a 25 b 585 b 842 b a 8950 a 7050 a 6828 a 835 a a b 6378 b 7992 b 6757 b %

13 rain intensity Nozzle HH2 2 Nozzle 2H

14 Nozzle HH a 553 a 522 a 5440 a 640 a 6066 a % a 4883 a a 45 3 a 50 4 a a a b b b b 696 b b a a

15 =

16 R3 0 R2 R R3 R a 3309 a a 490 a %5 R

17 a a c 25 a d 34 b c 2933 a c 4333 b c 4266 b c 30 a c 28 a d 4033 b c 2633 a a 2033 a 3633 d 2966 b d 2833 c d 5933 d %5 3 % Parson Laws %

18 Parsons Laws Kpa Makwanga Elwell Hudson Nozzle ½ H HH2 350

19 REFERENCES Bentley, W 940 Studies of raindrops and raindrop phenomena Monthly Weather Review Vol 32, p450 Bubenzer, G D and Meyer, L D 965 Simulation of rainfall and soils for laboratory research Trans ASAE, Vol 8, No, P 7375 Bubenzer, G D 979a Inventory of rainfall simulator In USDA science and education administration Agricultural Reviews and Manuals ARMW0 Proceeding of the rainfall simulator workshop Tucson, Arizona P2030 Bryan, R B and De Ploey, J 983 Comparability of soil erosion measurements with different rainfall simulators In De Ploey, J Ed Rainfall simulation, runoff and soil erosion Catena Supp 4, p 3356 De Ploey, J Ed 983 Rainfall simulation, runoff and soil erosion Catena Supp 4, Braunschweig ECTC Test Method Slope Erosion benchscale laboratory test Draft Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product RECP performance in protecting soil from rainsplash proposed ECTC Testing Protocols September 200 Elwell, H A and Makwanga, H 980 Design and calibration of a rainfall simulator Nozzle assembly for laboratory and field studies Research Bulletin No 25, Dept Conservation and Extention, Salisbury, Rhodesia Epema, G F and Riezebos, H T 983 Fall velocity of water drops at different heights as a factor influencing erosivity of simulated rainfall In De Ploey, J Ed 983 Rainfall simulation, runoff and soil erosion Catena Supp 4,p 7 Gun, r AND Kinzer, G D 949 The terminal velocity of fall for water droplet in stagnant J Meterology Vol54p Gay, M J, R F Giffth, JLatham & CPRSaunders, 974 The terminal velocities of charged raindrops and cloud droplets falling in strong electric fields Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 00, Grieson, I T, J M Oades 977 A rainfall simulator for field studies of runoff and soil erosion Agricultural Engineering Res Hudson, N W 964a A review of artificial rainfall simulator Research Bulletin No 7, Dept conservation and Extension, Salisbury, Rhodesia Hudson, N W 964b A review of the methods of measuring rainfall characteristics related to soil erosion Research Bulletin No, Dept Conservation and Extesion, Salisbury, Rhodesia Hudson, N W 964c The flour pellet method for measuring the size of rain drops Research Bulletin No4, Dept Coservation and Extention, Salisbury, Rhodesia Hudson, N 98 Soil conservation B T Batsford Ltd LondonLaws, J O and Parsons, d a 943 The relation of rain drop size to intensity Am Geophys Union Trans Part II, 24, p452 Hall, M J 970b Use of the stain method in determining the drop size distribution of coarse liquid sprays Trans ASAE, Vol 3, No, P 3337,4 35

20 Jameson and ABKostinski 2002 Spurious powerlaw relations among rainfall and radar parameters Q J R Meteorol Soc, 28,pp Jacqueline Blanquies, Misty Scharff, Brent Hallock, 2003 The Design and construction of a rainfall simulatorinternational Erosion Control Association IECA, 34th Annual Conference and Expo, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 2428 JhonD;Williams, E Dale, Wilkins, McCoolDonk,LLarry, Baarstad, L Betty, I Klepper and Robert,Papendick 996 The pacific northwest rainfall simulator A research tool for the interior northwestagric Res Annual Report Spec Rpt96,pp3740 Kincaid, D R, J I Gardner, and H A Schreibber 964 Soil and vegetation parameters affecting infiltration under semiarid conditions IASH publication Morgan, R P C, 986 Soil erosion & conservation Longman Scientific & Technical London & New York Laws, JO94 Measurement of the fall velocity of water drops and raindrops Trans Am Geophys Union Vol 22, p Laws, J O & Parson, 943 The relation of rain drop size to intensity Trans Am Geoph Union 24, Lemaire D; L FBliven; C; P Sobieski 2002 Drop size effects on raingenerated ringwaves with a view to remote sensing applications International J Remote Sensing, Vol 23, Number 2,20 June 2002, pp Morin, J, Goldberg, D and Seginer, I 967 A rainfall simulator with a rotating disc Trans ASAE Vol 0, p 7477 Morgan, RPC 986 Soil erosion and conservation Longman, London Morgan,RPC 995 Soil erosion and conservation, 2 nd ed, Longman, Uk Nord, JC 99 A laboratory rain chamber for testing rain fastness of insecticide deposits J Entomol Soc Vol 26, No 2, p Rudolf J Schick 997 An engineers practical guide to drop size Spraying system Co p 425 Simanton, J R, M A Weltz, and H D Larsen 99 Rangeland experiments to parametrize the water erosion prediction project model Vegetation canopy cover effects Journal of Range Management Sumner, H R, R D Wauchope, C CTruman, C C Dowler, and J E Hook 996 Rainfall simulator and plot design for mesoplot runoff studiestransactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Wischmer, W H & DD Smith, 958 Rainfall energy and its relationship to soil loss Trans Amer Geophys Union, 39, Received Accepted for Publ