Precision Nitrogen Management of Corn
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1 Precision Nitrogen Management of Corn Adaptive N management: Fine-tuning Nitrogen Management for Corn Field by field, year by year Quirine M. Ketterings, Patty Ristow, and Karl Czymmek Cornell University Nutrient Management Spear Program
2 Nitrogen Nitrogen availability limits the productivity of most ecosystems in the US. Amino acids Proteins Protoplasm Chlorophyll Hormones Starter + side-dress N No fertilizer N at all.
3 Nitrogen Deficiency: Little new growth. Yellowing (chlorosis) of older leaves. Earlier fall leaf drop. Low protein content. Excess: Very dark green leaves. Excessive vegetative growth. Lodging and delayed maturity. High nitrate content of some crops.
4 Nitrogen loss to the environment Nitrogen can be lost from dairy farms to: The atmosphere. Groundwater and surface waters. leaching
5 Conversion processes: 1. N fixation 2. Mineralization 3. Nitrification 4. Denitrification 5. Ammonia volatilization 6. Immobilization + Nitrate leaching From Penn State Agronomy Facts 12
6 Nitrogen Guidelines for Corn the Basics Take into account all nitrogen sources Soil N supply (soil organic matter) Sod and other rotation credits Past and current manure applications Use fertilizer only to supplement Fine-tune over time and field by field using N management tools: Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT) Pre-sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT) Corn Stalk Nitrate Test (CSNT)
7 Corn N Recommendations (NY) How to find out how much N is needed? - Yield potential - soil type and drainage - Soil N supply - soil type and drainage - N fertilizer uptake efficiency - soil type and drainage - N credits from sods - % legume/grass in the sod - N credits from manure - manure source & application method
8 Corn N Recommendations in bushels/acre in lbs N/acre N req. = in lbs N/acre (yield potential * 1.2) soil N sod N (fertilizer efficiency/100) in % Cornell Nitrogen Recommendations
9 Corn Yield Potential To get yield potentials: Use the Cornell database to obtain yield potentials. Use higher yield potentials only when you have 3 years worth of proof of higher yields.
10 Corn Yield Potential Expected yield 3 to 4 years out of 5 under good management: Undrained Drained bu/acre bu/acre Hamlin Bath Volusia Fremont Howard tons of silage (35% dry matter) equals about.. bushels of grain (85% DM)
11 Corn N Recommendations in bushels/acre in lbs N/acre N req. = in lbs N/acre (yield potential * 1.2) soil N sod N (fertilizer efficiency/100) in % Cornell Nitrogen Recommendations
12 N from Soil Organic Matter Soil N: soils database Undrained Drained lbs/acre Honeoye Palmyra Volusia Wayland Howard 70 70
13 Corn N Recommendations in bushels/acre in lbs N/acre N req. = in lbs N/acre (yield potential * 1.2) soil N sod N (fertilizer efficiency/100) in % Cornell Nitrogen Recommendations
14 Nitrogen from Sods Legume N Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (%) (lbs/acre) (lbs/acre) (lbs/acre) (lbs/acre) (55%) (12%) (5%)
15 Corn N Recommendations in bushels/acre in lbs N/acre N req. = in lbs N/acre (yield potential * 1.2) soil N sod N (fertilizer efficiency/100) in % Cornell Nitrogen Recommendations
16 Fertilizer N Uptake Efficiency Reflects the observation that <100% of the applied inorganic N will be taken up by the corn (losses to the environment will occur). N uptake efficiency depends on: Soil type Artificial drainage (drained/undrained)
17 Examples Fertilizer N Uptake Efficiency Soil type N efficiency (%) undrained drained Angola Bath Niagara Honeoye Swanton Volusia Howard 75 75
18 Nitrate N (lbs N/acre) Most of what is left after harvest is lost in Northeast climates!! Starter only (20 lbs N/acre) Starter lbs N/acre sidedress Starter lbs N/acre sidedress Starter lbs N/acre sidedress Planting 2001 Harvest 2001 Planting 2002 Harvest 2002 Planting 2003 Harvest 2003 Planting 2004
19 N Recommendations for Corn Sample calculation
20 N Recommendations for Corn Question: Corn will be planted on an Angola soil. How much inorganic N should we add at side-dressing time? Given: The soil is artificially drained. This is the third year that corn is planted. A 15% legume containing sod was plowed down prior to the first corn year. 100 lbs of starter was applied.
21 N Recommendations for Corn Answer: What is the corn yield potential of a drained Angola soil? How much N will a drained Angola soil supply? How much N will a 15% legume sod supply in the 3 rd year? What is the N uptake efficiency for a drained Angola soil? 110 bu/a 80 lbs/a 10 lbs/a 65 % What is the total N requirement? N req. = (yp * 1.2) soil N sod N (fertilizer efficiency/100) (110*1.2) = = 65 lbs N/a (65/100)
22 N Recommendations for Corn How much N was added with the starter? 17 lbs/acre 100 lbs of gives..lbs N/acre total. Note: Target starter N to lbs, up to 50 lbs Actual N + K 2 O should not exceed lbs/acre Limit actual N from urea in starter to <30 lbs/acre How much N still needs to be applied? ~48 lbs/acre Check results with Pre Sidedress Nitrogen Test (PSNT).
23 Corn N Recommendations Can I meet N needs with manure? How much should I apply?
24 N Credits From Manure Total Manure Nitrogen Urine Unstable Organic N (Fast N) Feces Stable Organic N. (Slow N) Urea - mineralized rapidly to plant available ammonium Ammonium N Inorganic N Mineralized slowly during the year of application Organic N Residual - mineralized very slowly in future years Available N = Ammonium N from present application + Mineralized organic N from present application + Mineralized organic N from past applications
25 N Credits From Manure An example of a manure analysis: % lbs/ton lbs/1000 gallons Total Nitrogen (N) Ammonium Nitrogen Organic Nitrogen Phosphorus (P) Phosphate Equivalent (P 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K) Potash Equivalent (K 2 O)
26 Ammonium N in Manure If incorporated in the fall, assume 100% loss. If applied as sidedress injection for row crops, assume 100% fertilizer equivalent. For spring application: Incorporation within: >5 d after spreading % available
27 Organic N in Manure Current Last 2 years year year ago Cow manure <18% DM Cow manure 18% DM Poultry manure <18% DM Poultry manure 18% DM Swine manure <18% DM Swine manure 18% DM Horse manure <18% DM Horse manure 18% DM
28 N Recommendations for Corn Question: How much manure do we need to apply to meet corn N requirements given the following scenario? N requirement: 50 lbs N/acre. Manure is applied in this year only (i.e. no past manure applications). Manure was surface applied, no incorporation. Manure contains 5 lbs organic N and 4 lbs ammonium N per ton. Dry matter content of the manure is 8%.
29 N Recommendations for Corn Answer: Manure is surface spread without incorporation so all ammonium N is lost as ammonia. Per ton of manure, there are 5 lbs of organic N. In the first year 35% of the organic N will be available for manure with less than 18% dry matter. Thus, per ton of manure there is 0.35 * 5 = 1.75 lbs N. To obtain 50 lbs of N, we need to apply 50 / 1.75 = 29 tons/acre of this manure.
30 N Recommendations for Corn Additional question: How much P 2 O 5 and K 2 O are supplied with the 29 tons of manure? Given: 5 lbs of P 2 O 5 per ton of manure. 6 lbs of K 2 O per ton of manure. Answer: 5 * 29 = 145 lbs P 2 O 5 /acre!!! 6 * 29 = 174 lbs of K 2 O/acre
31 N Recommendations for Corn Another scenario: How much manure do we need to apply to meet corn N requirements given the following scenario? N requirement: 50 lbs N/acre. Manure is surface applied in the spring and incorporated within one day. Manure contains 5 lbs organic N and 4 lbs ammonium N per ton. Dry matter content of the manure is 8%. Manure is applied in this year only.
32 N Recommendations for Corn Manure is incorporated within one day in the spring so 65% of the ammonium N is conserved and available is 0.65 * 4 = 2.6 lbs/ton. Per ton of manure, there are 5 lbs of organic N. In the first year 35% of the organic N will be available for manure with less than 18% dry matter. Thus, per ton of manure there is 0.35 * 5 = 1.75 lbs N from the organic fraction. Total N supply by the manure is = 4.35 lbs/ton. To obtain 50 lbs of N, we need to apply 50 / 4.35 = 11 tons/acre.
33 N Recommendations for Corn Additional question: How much P 2 O 5 and K 2 O are supplied with the 11 tons of manure? Given: 5 lbs of P 2 O 5 per ton of manure. 6 lbs of K 2 O per ton of manure. Answer: 5 * 11 = 55 lbs P 2 O 5 /acre (compare to 145 lbs when NH 4+ is not conserved!!!) 6 * 11 = 66 lbs of K 2 O/acre (compare to 174 lbs when NH 4+ is not conserved!!!)
34 N Recommendations for Corn Another scenario: How much manure do we need to apply to meet corn N requirements given the following scenario? N requirement: 50 lbs N/acre. Manure is injected in the spring. Manure contains 5 lbs organic N and 4 lbs ammonia N per ton. Dry matter content of the manure is 8%. 32 tons of the same manure were applied in each of the two previous years.
35 N Recommendations for Corn Answer: From the organic N in the 32 tons of manure applied two years earlier, 5% will be mineralized this year: 32*5*0.05=8 lbs of N. From the organic N in the 32 tons of manure applied last year, 12% will be mineralized this year: 32*5*0.12=19 lbs N. Total requirement for this year is: =23 lbs N/acre. Manure is injected in the spring so 65% of the ammonia N is conserved and available is 0.65 * 4 = 2.6 lbs/ton. Per ton of manure, there are 5 lbs of organic N. In the first year 35% of the organic N will be available: 0.35 * 5 = 1.75 lbs N per ton of manure. Total N supply by the manure is = 4.35 lbs/ton. To obtain 23 lbs of N, we need to apply 23 / 4.35 = 5 tons/acre.
36 Tools for N Management Presidedress nitrate test (PSNT) Illinois soil N test (ISNT) and LOI Stalk nitrate test
37 Pre-Sidedress NO 3- Test (PSNT) Measures the amount of nitrate. Predicts if there is enough N from organic sources for optimum yield without further fertilizer addition. 12 inch cores taken when the corn is 6-12 inches tall
38 Pre-Sidedress NO 3- Test (PSNT) 25 ppm
39 Pre-Sidedress NO 3- Test (PSNT) PSNT interpretations: PSNT Economic Recommendation (ppm) response to N? <21 highly likely add N as recommended % chance consider lbs N 25 unlikely do not add extra N
40 Illinois Soil N Test (ISNT)
41 ISNT-N (mg kg -1 ) NONRESPONSIVE DOES NOT NEED EXTRA N Critical Values RESPONSIVE y = x x 2 NEEDS EXTRA N r 2 = ; n = 33 0 [0] 2 20 [1.2] 4 [2.6] 40 6 [4.0] [5.4] [6.8] 12 [8.2] 120 Loss on Ignition Organic (%) matter [% Organic (g kg -1 Matter ) from Cornell]
42 Late Season Stalk Nitrate Test Low: = less than 250 ppm N Optimal: = 250 to 2000 ppm N Excess: = more than 2000 ppm N
43 Nitrogen Guidelines Pre-Sidedress Nitrogen Test (PSNT) Refresher Agronomy Fact Sheet #2: Nitrogen Basics Agronomy Fact Sheet #3: Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test Agronomy Fact Sheet #4: Nitrogen Credits from Manure Agronomy Fact Sheet #21: Nitrogen Needs of 1 st Year Corn Agronomy Fact Sheet #22: Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Agronomy Fact Sheet #30: Soybean N Credits Agronomy Fact Sheet #31: Late Season Stalk Nitrate Test Agronomy Fact Sheet #35: N Guidelines for Corn Agronomy Fact Sheet #36: Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test Agronomy Fact Sheet #39: Nitrogen Fixation Agronomy Fact Sheet #41: Soil Organic Matter Agronomy Fact Sheet #44: Nitrogen Fertilizers for Field Crops Agronomy Fact Sheet #45: Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Sources
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