ENTREPRENEURIAL LEARNING REFLECTION IN AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN LIFE ORGANIC FARMERS

Transcription

1 ENTREPRENEURIAL LEARNING REFLECTION IN AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN LIFE ORGANIC FARMERS Maria ABSTRACT Now people are starting to realize a healthier life and a return to nature. Conditions of organic farming is now said to be developed because of the higher price of organic commodities, so income can be increased and ultimately improve socioeconomic before and after being an organic farmer. As producers, farmers also changing mindset (fixed mindset to a growth mindset). The method used is quantitative, causal comparative research types. Population following the farmer group members Tranggulasi Ngisor Selo village, Batur village, Getasan District, Central Java and the sample collection technique using purposive sampling, a sample of 20 people, using analytical methods Paired Samples T-test. The results indicate there are differences in social and economic life before and after being an organic farmer. From the social aspect, including welfare, social interaction and increased management capability to a better direction, with the largest increase in social interaction. While the economic aspect which includes investment and income are increase, but the cost has decreased to a better direction, a drastic change in the variable is income. So that social interaction and revenues must be maintained to further improve the socio-economic life of an organic farmer. PRELIMINARY Development of horticultural crops from year to year has increased, both in production and crop area. Now people are starting to realize a healthier life and a return to nature, this is due to the discovery of many cases if the foods contain chemicals, such as dyes, food preservatives. Impact of excessive use of chemical fertilizers cause soil to become hard, dry and acidic, thus encouraging farmers to change the pattern of organic agricultural. Consumer awareness to get products that are healthy and environmentally friendly growing organic and commodity prices higher, so there is a chance of increasing the income of farmers (Pracaya, 2006). Selo Ngisor hamlet, village of Batur, District Getasan located on the slopes of the mountain with the scope Merbabu villagers are mostly subsistence farmers. Most of the people trying to farm conventionally, but is now beginning to shift to organic through the process of entrepreneurial learning. From changes in the cropping pattern is there any difference perceived by farmers in terms of socio-economics. Therefore, the authors are interested to examine the social and economic life before and after being an organic farmer. Obtained from this study will be an overview of welfare, social interaction and management skills, income, expenses and investment,

2 which would clearly know the reality of how the lives of farmers who used conventional and organic farmers are now turning into. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time and Place of Research The study was conducted in the village Selo Ngisor, Batur village, Getasan district, Semarang regency, Central Java. Location research intentionally ( purposive ) based on the consideration that the system of organic farming in the village Selo Ngisor been progressing quite well. The study was conducted on December 3, 2012 until February 10, Types of Research This type of research is quantitative research that is comparative correlation ( correlation comparative) ( Silalahi, 2009). Quantitative research is a research procedure to test a particular theory by examining variables related to the theory ( Sugiyono, 2011). While comparative correlational, which is used to compare different variables in relation to the same variable for the same sample ( Silalahi, 2010 ). Sampling Techniques The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling, the sampling technique that is based on certain criteria or considerations are deemed to have nothing to do with the criteria previously known populations ( Sugiyono, 2011). Samples are taken of 20 farmers. Data Collection Techniques Data collection techniques in this study is to use primary data obtained from interviews using questionnaires and observation ( Sevilla et.al, 1993). Hypothesis Hypothesis is not final conclusion, that must be verified ( Nawawi, 1998). The hypothesis in this study are : Ho: there is no difference in social and economic life before and after being an organic farmer.

3 Ha : there are differences in social and economic life before and after being an organic farmer. Data analysis Primary data obtained from interviews using questionnaires in the field, for the welfare variables in measuring the indicators BPS. As for the social interaction variables, management ability, earnings, expenses and investment processed using SPSS 16.0 and statistically tested. Data analysis using Paired Samples T -test is aimed to test the hypothesis of this study, the social and economic life to know the difference before and after organic farming. Formula T -test for two paired samples ( Paired Samples T -test ) ( Sugiyono, 2011). Results and Discussion Overview of Research Sites Selo Ngisor hamlet, village of Batur, Getasan district located about 15 km from Salatiga, under the foot of the mountain Merbabu ( Anonymous, 2010). This area has the shape of land with a low slope. Each year, the land area used for upland agricultural land planted with food crops and vegetables ( Setyorini et al, 2010). Characteristics of Organic Farmers Ngisor Selo, Batur, Kopeng Pioneer of organic cultivation is Mr Pitoyo. Beginning with the rise in fertilizer prices higher then came the idea to change the organic farming system ( of fixed mindset to a growth mindset. In the early stages of the transition of organic cultivation, 3 times early season failure. Various ridicule or censure from family or neighbors do not change Pitoyo pack willingness to keep trying to farm organically. After 10 years with the entrepreneurial spirit that has the motivation or desire high ( need of achievement ), dare to try ( risk takers ), innovative and organic berbudidaya independence then success can be proven. Seeing the success and persistence pack Pitoyo, then fellow farmers began to switch from inorganic to organic. Therefore at this time the farmer groups Tranggulasi no longer berbudidaya by tradition but by the entrepreneurial learning ( Pak Pitoyo as mentor ) is able to " lift " toward agricultural commodities export.

4 According to Cope and Watts (2000 ) emphasized the importance of mentoring ( mentoring ) to interpret critical events encountered as learning, so the learning outcomes to be effective. Differences Social Life Before and After Being Organic Farmers in the village of Selo Ngisor, Batur, Kopeng welfare Before becoming an organic farmer income respondents ranged from Rp 450,000 - Rp 750,000 per month, while after becoming an organic farmer income earned between Rp 1,200,000 - Rp 1,800,000 per month. Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by Income Very low ( < Rp 900,000 ) % - Low ( Rp 950,000 - Rp ) 5 25 % 4 20 % Medium ( Rp 1,550,000 - Rp 2,000,000 ) % High ( > Rp 2,000,000 ) ---- Can be seen from the table above that all respondents increased revenues and there is a difference after becoming an organic farmer. Increase the income of the respondents were able to further the welfare of the family, like to meet daily needs, nutrition, buy TVs, cars, cows, land. This is in accordance with the Iskandar (2006 ) which states that families with higher incomes have greater opportunities to prosper than families with low incomes. The average expenditure incurred before becoming an organic farmer between Rp 500,000 - Rp 1,700,000 per month, while after being organic farmers around Rp 1,000,000 - Rp 1,800,000 per month to meet their daily needs. So the distribution can be seen in Table 2. Table 2. Distribution of Respondents by Household Expenditure Very low ( < Rp 900,000 ) 5 25 % - Low ( Rp 950,000 - Rp 1,500,000 ) % % Medium ( Rp 1,550,000 - Rp 2,000,000 ) 3 15 % 6 30 % High ( > Rp 2,000,000 ) ---- Based on the above table can be seen after the organic farmer household spending on consumption, cost of education and daily needs have increased. Shift increased expenditure is classified, before becoming an organic farmer as much as 3 people, after being an organic farmer to 6 people, so an increase of 50 %. This is in accordance with Sudana (2007 ) the higher level of household expenditure, at a level higher welfare farming families. But there are some families that their household expenditure remains even after switching to organic farming and increased earned income, it is because over time, they now are not sending children to school, family burden is reduced. Additionally they prefer to

5 allocate their money to buy livestock, houses, land, send their children and others. Overview of the state of residence under study can be seen in Table 3. Table 3. Distribution of Respondents by State of Residence Non permanent ---- Semi Permanent % 4 20 % Permanent 8 40 % % The state of residence of respondents were classified as permanent, before becoming an organic farmer as much as 8 people, but after being organic farmers increased to 16 people, so an increase of 50 %. Their house is walled walls, tile roofs types, and type of cement or tile floors. But there are some families that still maintain the state of semi- permanent residence, even though the revenue obtained is increased. This is because they prefer to build more houses, buy land and hewab livestock, such as cattle. Table 4. Distribution of Respondents by facility Dwelling Very less ---- Complete 10 % less % Complete enough % % Complete % From the above data it can be seen that there are residential facilities before and after being organic farmers there is a difference. The other difference between an organic farmer before becoming a residential facility was quite complete. But after becoming an organic farmer, they can complete the necessary facilities such as buying electronic goods, have private vehicles is more than one such bike, and it has its own WC. But still there are families that are still lacking in fulfillment facility where he lives, because just staying at home alone with his wife alone and prefer to buy cattle from the electronics and others. Table 5. Distribution of Respondents by Family Member Health Very less ---- Less than 15 % 3 - Enough % % Good %

6 Based on the table above the health of family members of respondents had better change, because the respondents said the health differences before and after consuming organic vegetables organic vegetables consumed. According to the respondents before switching to organic frequent headaches ( migraine ), flu, skin irritations, sore - sore. It is appropriate that organic agriculture produces enough food safe and nutritious food to improve public health ( Jayadinata, 1992 ). Table 6. Distribution of Respondents Based on Ease of Getting Health Care difficult ---- Enough 2 10 % 1 5 % Easy % % It's easy % Seen from the table above before becoming an organic farmer is quite difficult to obtain health care. But after being organic farmers, they find it very easy to get health care. This is because they now have a special budget for health care costs, along with increased earned income. Table 7.Distribusi Ease of Respondents by Education Level for Children Entering difficult ---- Enough 2 10 % - Easy % % It's easy % From the table above are the different levels of ease of getting children into school before and after being an organic farmer. At the time of a conventional farmers fairly easy to put the child to education, because of the high cost of education while earned income is just enough to meet their daily needs. But when they become organic farmers do not have trouble again for getting children into education because of increased earned income. Also supported by the free education program or a free school for elementary, junior high making it easier for farmers to send their children. Table 8.Distribusi Respondents Based on Ease of Getting Transportation Facilities Number ( of people ) Percentage of number ( of people ) Percentage difficult ---- Enough 4 20 % - Easy % 8 40 % It's easy % From the table above there are differences in the ease of getting transport facility, after being classified

7 as an organic farmer are very easy with a percentage of 60 %. Whereas before becoming an organic farmer, respondents felt quite difficult. This is due to the respondents do not have a personal vehicle. So as to market their crops, they have to rent a car or middlemen who come to the house, and even had to carry crops to market or markets Getasan nearby on foot. While organic farmers now own a personal vehicle. Seen in the table above that the respondents answered very easily get transport facilities. Table 9. Distribution of Respondents by Fulfillment Nutrition Unmet ---- Sometimes 2 10 % - Fulfilled % 2 10 % Highly Fulfilled 2 10 % % Seen that the majority of respondents felt that the quality of the food they consume daily are required to meet nutritional needs. But after being an organic farmer purchasing power of the food better be improved, this is evidenced by a shift in the number of respondents from the two people who claimed the family 's nutritional needs are met, to 18 people so that an increase of 80 %. Thus organic farming is a positive impact on the fulfillment of family nutrition. For example, the purchasing power of food such as meat and fish increased. This illustrates that the higher the level of nutrition in the household, so it becomes increasingly prosperous indicator of farmer households ( Sudana, 2007). Social interaction Organic farming have a positive impact on social interaction, there are differences in social interaction before and after being an organic farmer. Table 10. Paired Samples Test Results Social Interaction Before after 20 From the above data it can be concluded that there are differences in social interaction before becoming an organic farmer and after being an organic farmer. The difference is significant with t = , a significant level ( α ) of 5% and df ( degrees of freedom ) 19, can be obtained t t table ( ). So the social interaction of organic farmers better than before becoming an organic farmer. With the extension, it does not directly increase the social interaction between the farmers and civil society ( IPB, 2002). The test results showed a significance of 0.000, based on the probability value ( sig < 0,05 ). This means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted kesimpulkan and there is a difference between social interaction before and after being an organic farmer. Results of this study are also supported by Rospina ( 2009 ) which states quite active organic farmer in civic organizations, among others : the farmer groups, organizations that exist in the village. Management Capabilities After becoming an organic farmer, if they feel there is a difference in management capabilities. Giles ( 1990) states that a good management skills are key to success, because it is not easy to improve

8 management capabilities. Table 11. Paired Samples Test Results Management Capabilities Before ,430 after 20 From the table above shows if management skills before and after being organic farmers has increased. The difference with t = , significant level ( α ) of 5% and df ( degrees of freedom ) 19, can be obtained t t table ( ). So that organic farmers management capabilities more advanced than before becoming an organic farmer. The test results showed that the significance of with a probability based on the value ( sig < 0,05 ). This means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted therefore concluded that there are differences in management skills before and after being an organic farmer. This is supported by studies Khotidjah ( 2012) that with organic farming, farmers can improve management capabilities. income Income is an important factor in improving the welfare of the family. Organic farmers' income is higher than before becoming an organic farmer. Table 12. Paired Samples Test Results Revenue Before ,750 after 20 There appears to be an increase in revenue when it became an organic farmer. The difference is significant with t = , a significant level ( α ) of 5% and df ( degrees of freedom ) 19, can be obtained t t table ( ). The test results showed that the significance of with a probability based on the value ( sig < 0,05 ). This means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted the conclusion that the population is no statistically significant difference between the income earned before and after being an organic farmer. This is in accordance with Rahmat (2008 ) which states that organic farming increases the income of farmers through increased yields per unit area. cost Lower the cost of organic farming compared to conventional farming costs. Munawar (2003 ) states that organic farming is an agricultural system that shy away from such a high input. Table 13. Paired Samples Test Result Cost Before ,030 after 20 Seen from the table above the cost reduction. The difference is significant with t = , a significant level ( α ) of 5% and df ( degrees of freedom ) 19, can be obtained t t table ( ). The test results showed that the significance of with a probability based on the value ( sig < 0,05 ). This means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted the conclusion that there are differences in costs incurred for the cultivation of vegetables before and after being an organic farmer. This is supported by Jayadinata (1992 ) which states organic farming production costs low because it does not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. investment

9 Table 14. Paired Samples Test results Investments Before after 20 Seen in the table above there is an increase in investments held before becoming organic farmers and organic farmers after being. The difference is significant with t = , significantly ( α ) of 5% and df ( degrees of freedom ) 19, can be obtained t t table ( ). The test results showed that the significance of with a probability based on the value ( sig < 0,05 ). This means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted the conclusion that there are differences in investments held before and after being an organic farmer. Besides families who have investments, better off than families who do not have the investment. This research was supported by the results of studies Bryant ( 1990 ) that families have more investment tends to be more prosperous than the families who have limited investment. conclusion 1. The existence of entrepreneurial learning process that can alter or increase the selling farmer (inorganic to organic farming). 2. There are differences in social and economic life before and after being an organic farmer. Seen from the increase in income, nutrition in the family, home repair, to buy livestock, motor vehicles. In addition it is the intensity of meetings with farmer groups more frequently, ie every month. 3. From the social aspect, there are differences in welfare, social interaction and management capabilities. So from the social aspect after becoming an organic farmer are better than before becoming an organic farmer. The largest increase of the social aspect is the social interaction. 4. From the economic aspect, there is an increase in investment income and an increase in the mean after becoming an organic farmer is much better than before becoming an organic farmer. But for the variable costs decreased, which means better because the cost is lower than before becoming organic farmers. The largest increase was revenue from the economic aspect. Bibliography Anonymous Kopeng Recreation Zone. Bryant, W.K., The Economic Organization of the Household. Cambridge: University Press And Stansfield M. Giles, The Farmers As Manager. C.A.B International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd.. Page: 6-58 Iskandar Factors Affecting Family Welfare. Bogor: IPB Jayadinata., Efforts Rice Production Agriculture. Jakarta: Media Presindo Khotidjah, Siti Analysis of Managerial Capabilities Integrated Organic Farmers Paliyan In the District, Gunung Kidul. Yogyakarta: UMY Munawar, M., Potential, Opportunities and Challenges of Development of Organic Farming. Navan: Unsoed Nawawi, Hadari., Field social research methods. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press