Rat and Leaf Eating Caterpillar Control for Oil Palm Planting including Peat Soil

Transcription

1 Rat and Leaf Eating Caterpillar Control for Oil Palm Planting including Peat Soil

2 TOPICS INTRODUCTION RATS LEAF-EATING CATERPILLARS CONCLUSION

3 INTRODUCTION Many species of pests - attack and feed on different parts of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) damage of pests - affect the healthy growth, kill palms, cause reduction in crop yield Outbreak of important pests can cause significant losses of the crops that they attack. Good yield = 30 ton palms/ha, FFB/palm =214 kg Loss of 5 palms = 1.07 ton FFB

4 INTRODUCTION 2 key pests are found every where the particular crops are grown ; usually the target of pest control (e.g. rats); control by natural enemies is inadequate in natural balance stage and applied control by planters / growers is necessary to prevent / reduce crop loss

5 INTRODUCTION 3 Occasional pests are well control by natural enemies in natural balance stage (e.g. leaf eating caterpillars). In the absent of effective natural control, the population of occasional pests increase rapidly and cause economic damage to crops over large planted areas

6 RATS Rattus exulans (25-60g) R. tiomanicus (55-150g) R. argentiventer (85-240g) R. r. diardii ( g) Sundamys muelleri ( g males, g females) internet

7 Rat species damaging oil palm in Sarawak Location * peat * peat soil Scientific names (common names) Batu Niah Mukah Bintulu * Pusa * Kuching * Sampadi Miri * Rattus rattus diardii Rattus tiomanicus Rattus tiomanicus Rattus tiomanicus Rattus argentiventer Rattus tiomanicus Rattus rattus diardii Rattus tiomanicus Rattus rattus diardii Sundamys muelleri Rattus tiomanicus Rattus rattus diardii Sundamys muelleri

8 Rats attack oil palm - all growth stages germinated seeds, seedlings, immature palms, unopened inflorescence, unripe and ripe fruits and PAMI

9 AMOUNT EATEN Rat species consumption (g/rat/day) R. tiomanicus 4.29 (ripe fruits) R. argentiventer 3.80 (ripe fruits) 8.60 (unripe + ripe fruits) R. r. diardii 9.90 (ripe fruits) R. muelleri (oil palm fruits) STOMACH CONTENT fresh mesocarp

10 CROP LOSSES Wood, (1976); Wood & Liau, (1978) - about 5% loss of the oil crop Liau (1990) - about 7 10% of palm oil production +

11 Management of rats in oil palm includes the combination of ecological, cultural / agronomic measures, biological and chemical controls. Maintain riparian reserve belt Maintain habitats for natural predators GAP on weed control & ground cover management regular and complete harvesting, efficient loose fruit collection and good pruning standards

12 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL barn owl (Tyto alba) Wooden Nest 1 unit / 10 ha Owl resting on frond WBP BOP Owl pellet & bones

13 Chemical control is the use of chemical agents (rodenticides) to reduce rat populations. Ideally, chemicals are selective for the target pest and do not harm other non-target species. Rodenticides and Rat baits Warfarin 0.05% chlorophacinone 0.005% Zinc phosphide Brodi Broma Flocou Brodi Broma

14 Rodenticides and rat baits available for control of rats 1 Rodenticide Year Toxicity Bait Warfarin 1949 Class IV Coumatetralyl* Chlorophacinone 1963 Class III Oral LD 50 mg/kg 186 (albino Rn) 16.5 (albino Rn) 20.5 (albino Rn) Bait % a.i. Size (g) a.i. per bait (mg)

15 Rodenticides and rat baits available for control of rats 2 Rodenticide Year Toxicity Bromadiolone 1976 Class IV Brodifacoum 1978 Class IV Flocoumafen 1984 Class III Oral LD 50 mg/kg (albino Rn) 0.26 (albino Rn) 0.46 (Rn male) 0.56 (Rn female) Bait % a.i. Size (g) a.i. per bait (mg)

16 Rodenticides and rat baits available for control of rats 3 Rodenticide Year Toxicity Flocoumafen 1984 Class III Oral LD 50 mg/kg 0.46 (Rn male) 0.56 (Rn female) 0.28 (Rt male OP) 0.65 (Rt female OP) 0.65 (Rrd male OP) 0.66 (Rrd female OP) 0.48 (Ra male OP) 0.56 (Ra female OP) Bait % a.i. Size (g) a.i. per bait (mg)

17 Oral LD 50 mg/kg Flocoumafen at 0.2 mg per 4 g bait Body weight mg ai to kill LBW mg ai to kill HBW 0.28 (Rt male OP) (Rt female OP) mg per 4 g bait 0.65 (Rrd male OP) (Rrd female OP) (Ra male OP) (Ra female OP)

18 RAT BAITING - Standard baiting technique One bait is placed at one palm Checking and replenish bait taken at every 4 days interval until 20% replacement At twenty percent replacement, successful rat control is achieved % bait No. of round depends on rat population high 20 0 low medium rounds

19 Two baiting practices in oil palm estates: 1. census and baiting 1. Rat baiting blocks = 20 ha 2. Fresh damage census 3-4 rounds per year 3. Census inspect all palms in 1 row of every 10 rows (10% density) 4. Look for fresh damage symptom on fruit bunches 5. Unripe fruit green colour 6. Ripe fruits orange yellow colour 7. Action threshold = 5% or more commence rat baiting the block 8. Replace bait taken at 4 day interval; stop baiting at 20% replacement FD Diagram illustrating Census & block baiting start baiting at Fresh Damage = 5%or more and stop baiting at 20%replacement March September baiting no baiting June December

20 Two baiting practices in oil palm estates: 2. baiting with understanding of rat population dynamics 6 month low rat population; no census Rat baiting Diagram illustrating six-monthly campaign no census conducted; bait all areas and stop baiting at 20% replacement; baiting rounds in each block depending on rat population Jan - March Apr - June months low rat popn. Jul -September baiting no baiting Oct -December

21 SUCCESSFUL RAT BAITING (baiting stop at reaching 20%) Fresh damage 1. % palm with fresh damage - 0 to 1% in 50 palm plot 2. Rat population - 0 to very few rats trapped in 50 palm plot 50 palm plot Rat trapping confirming presence of rats

22 Number of baiting rounds in different rat population / other causes Number of baiting rounds to reach 20% replacement Rat population / other causes rehabilitation of abandoned fields with very high rat population high rat population 6-10 moderate rat population 3-5 small rat population 2-3 poor quality rat baits or unattractive baits

23 Rat baiting fails to give effective control due to the following reasons: 1. Resistance to first generation anticoagulant poisons 2. Change in dominant rat pest 3. High rat population 4. Acute labour shortage 5. Bait-shy or bait avoidance rats, and 6. New rat species, S. muelleri R. r. diardii S. muelleri R. tiomanicus

24 Problem Species Actions Remarks Resistant biotype Dominant rat High population R. tiomanicus R. r. diardii R. r. diardii (tolerant to first generation anticoagulant baits) R. tiomanicus R. argentiventer Use second generation anticoagulant baits Use second generation anticoagulant baits Use second generation anticoagulant baits; Apply 5 baits per palm Cost-effective control of resistant rat Cost-effective control of tolerant rat Cost-effective control and less labour required (reduced baiting rounds)

25 Problem Species Actions Remarks Acute labour shortage R. tiomanicus Use second generation anticoagulant baits; Apply 5 baits per palm. Effective control and less labour required (reduced baiting rounds); higher cost Bait shy biotype New species (bait shy biotype) Use 300 g block bait and 1 application (no replacement) R. tiomanicus Barn owl nest box at 1 per 5 ha and occupancy 60%; fresh damage = 12% S. muelleri Develop poison baits based on Oryctes grubs and others Effective control and minimum labour required; very much higher cost Baiting few rounds ineffective control Shooting rats carry out in Indonesia

26 LEAF-EATING CATERPILLARS Occasional pests Bagworms - P. pendula (1.5 cm), M. plana (2.5 cm), M. corbetti (10 cm). Nettle caterpillars D. trima, D. diducta, S. nitens, S. asigna Hairy caterpillars - Calliteara horsfieldii, Amathusia phidippus

27 Amsacta transiens Dasychira sp Darna trima Unidentified OTHER CATERPILLARS IN PEAT Thosea vestuta Birthamula chara Amatissa leonina

28 PARASITOIDS - HYMENOPTERA Metisa plana Ptroma pendula Fam: Braconidae Dolichogenidea metesae

29 PARASITOIDS - HYMENOPTERA Fam: Ichneumonidae Spinaria spinator Setora nitens

30 Centropus sinensis Koh PL 2008, exclusion experiment estimated 35.2% control by birds Bird exclosure treatment Copsychus saularis control Pycnonotus goiavier Orthotomus ruficeps Prinia flaviventus

31 Life cycle and fecundity of common bagworms Bagworm species Life cycle (days) No egg / moth Pteroma pendula* total Metisa plana* total Mahasena corbetti** Egg-larva Larva-pupa Pupa-adult 26 Adult-egg 7-10 Average 3000 *small species ** large species total

32 Life cycle and fecundity of common nettle caterpillars NC species Life cycle (days) No egg / moth Darna trima* total Darna diducta* total # 225 Setora nitens** total Egg-larva 5-6 Setothosea asigna** Larva-pupa Pupa-adult 40 Adult-egg *small species ** large species total # Adilan Lubis 1992

33 When many bagworms are feeding on the fronds, the entire frond is damaged and eventually dries up completely. In the case of nettle caterpillars, larger species of bagworm and hairy caterpillars, the damage symptoms appear as irregular feeding of the pinnae along the leaf margin and finally leaving only the bare mid-ribs. Darna trima-20 cm 2 / Setothosea asigna-424 cm 2

34 Wood et al. (1973) - as high as 40 50% loss of crop over two years after 100% defoliation Mohd Basri (1993) - up to 40% crop loss by Metisa plana. Liau and Ahmad (1995) - 30% to 36 % over 2 years - defoliation in immature period. Balasubramaniam and Chung (2013) - 35% crop loss over one year -heavy defoliation by Clania tertia Rustam and Agus (2011) 70-93% crop loss - almost 100% defoliation by S. asigna. 100% defoliation Metisa damage 100% defoliation Setothosea damage

35 Effect of defoliation on yield of 8 year-old palm (from Wood et al. 1973). Defoliation Year in treatment as % of control a amount part of crown b 1 st year 2 nd year 50% upper 57 (43% loss)* 83 (17% loss)* overall lower % mean % Mean % mean a control yield is 23.6 t/ha in year1; 21.4 t/ha in year 2

36 Pest Management - manipulation of the environment & early detection of infestation and regular pest census. Preventive measures Planting of beneficial plants Cassia cobanensis Turnera subulata Antigonon leptopus Cc 2011, RM 8 millions = 4 m BP + 4 m PC Ts Al Goryphus bunoh Cosmolestes picticeps

37 Beneficial plants & bagworm outbreaks BW During outbreak natural enemies are likely ineffective or absent BW BW BW Large plantation in 2011, - nearly RM 8 millions; pest control and establishment of beneficial plants were almost equal Beneficial plants

38 Monitoring Surveillance System Alert Alert is continuous and involves all working personnel in the estate including the senior management, supervisory staffs and all workers (especially the harvesters). Census - Two weekly census is carried out to monitor the pest population and damage on foliage Action This stage involves the spraying of selective insecticides and trunk injection of systemic insecticides pest counts > action thresholds

39 training of estate personnel and workers

40 PEST CENSUS 1% density (1 palm in 10, 1 row in 10) repeat at 14 day interval. Cut the upper most damage fronds Count the small and large larvae, live and empty cocoons Small larvae (<5mm) census L S ACTION THRESHOLDS Small species 10 larvae / frond Large species 5 larvae / fronds

41 ? ACTION THRESHOLD Metisa = 10 larvae / frond

42 Control of leaf eating caterpillars using Bt products or selective / short residue insecticides are carried out when the pest counts exceeded action thresholds. Insecticides Spraying synthetic pyrethroids (half life of cypermethrin 2 days and deltamethrin 5 days respectively), chlorantranilipole (new) Calibration & Spray Coverage Studies Ground / Aerial spraying Calibration & Spray Coverage

43 INSECTICIDE APPLICATION GROUND SPRAYING cks ACM spraying system motorised knapsack mistblower tractor mounted mistblower thermal fogging (Indonesia) AERIAL SPRAYING fixed winged aircraft helicopter TRUNK INJECTION motorised drill chainsaw-adapted drill electric drill

44 Pest Insecticides Rate a.i. per ha Bagworms B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki ES cypermethrin lambda-cyhalothrin fenvalerate trichlorphon Remarks 450 ml * Chung and Narendran (1996) 22.5 g g 23 g 1700 g - spraying during maximum larval emergence stage (small larval stage) - good spray coverage alpha-cypermethrin 9 g Teh and Ho (1997) acephate diflubenzuron 500 g 150 g chlorantranilipole 10 g Product leaflet ml 5% product at spray volume 200 litres per ha

45 COSTINGS OF INSECTICIDES FOR BAGWORM CONTROL AI Products Rate/ha RM (kg / L) RM / ha trichlorfon 1.8 kg B. thuringiensis 1 2 L # 52.50* ml 52.50* lambdacyhalothrin 450 ml fenvalerate 770 ml cypermethrin 450 ml chlorantraniliprole 200 ml # product label; * Ex KL

46 Pest Insecticides Rate a.i. per ha Remarks Nettle caterpillars B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki WP (16000 IU/mg) cypermethrin alpha-cypermethrin lambda-cyhalothrin cyfluthrin 650 g * Teh and Ho (1997) - spraying during maximum larval emergence stage 30 g - good spray coverage 9 g - repeat spray within g 10 days, if required 20 g acephate 500 g * commercial products

47 CALIBRATION & SPRAY COVERAGE Motorised knapsack mistflower can cover 10 ha / day spraying 1-2 years palm No units 1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 1 10 ha ha ha ha ha

48 Control of leaf eating caterpillars when the pest counts exceeded action thresholds. trunk injection of systemic insecticides (monocrotophos, methamidophos, acephate) - translocated into the leaves and no adverse effect to the predators, parasites, pollinating weevils and many non target organisms Class I a Black or I b Red Class III Blue

49 Trunk injection-drilling hole Chainsaw adapted drill Motorised drill 1. Hole 1.5 cm wide, 15cm long/deep 2. At an angle of 45 o frond butts cut for drilling hole

50 CORRECT DRILLING 1. Hole 1.5 cm wide, 15cm long/deep 2. At an angle of 45 o Do not drill through frond butts Exposed trunk area between frond butts for drilling two frond butts cut for drilling hole

51 Injecting systemic insecticide Plastic syringe Injector gun

52 Trunk injection drilling hole X Wrong to drill through frond butt Chisel off frond butts to expose trunk for drilling hole and ease of sealing hole

53 CORRECT SEALING HOLE WITH CLAY SOIL Clay soil for TISH X Sealing hole with clay soil Seal hole with loose fruit X Drill hole through frond butt X

54 Insecticide Target g a.i. per palm Acephate Class I b Class III Metsia plana 1 Pteroma pendula 1 Mixing rate product specific g in 10 ml water (75% product) = 16 ml per hole Metsia plana g in 10 ml water (75% product) Clania tertia g in 12.5 ml water (75% product) = 20 ml Mahasena corbetti 7 Setora nitens ml (of 1 kg 75% product in 1.5 litres water) Application details 1 hole per palm at 6 years and above from planting 1 hole per palm 2 holes per palm (5 years old) and 10 ml per hole; frond butts removed 20 ml per hole and 2 holes per palm

55 Insecticide Methami -dophos Class I b Target Metsia plana 1, 3 Pteroma pendula 1 g a.i. per palm Mixing rate 5 10 ml (50% product no dilution) bagworm ml (50% product no dilution) Darna trima ml (60% product no dilution) Application details 1 hole per palm at 6 years and above from planting 1 hole per palm at 6 years and above from planting Frond butts cut before drill hole

56 Insecticide Target g a.i. per palm Monocrotophos Class I a Metsia plana 1, 5 Pteroma pendula 1 Setora nitens 8 Thosea asigna 8 Mixing rate 6 10 ml (60% product no dilution); 11 ml (55% product no dilution) Metsia plana ml (55% product no dilution) bagworm ml (60% product no dilution) Darna trima ml (60% product no dilution) Application details 1 hole per palm at 6 years and above from planting 1 hole per palm 1 hole per palm at 6 years and above from planting Frond butts cut before drill hole

57 Damage continuous damage 10 larvae per fronds action threshold Damage No more damage MGS TI Source: Siti Ramlah et al 2007

58 CHAINSAW TEAM 3.4 HA / DAY / TEAM Critical period X 3.4 ha No of team to cover infested areas 50 ha 100 ha 500 ha 7 days days days days

59 Trunk injection Many holes on the side facing the path 250 mm 15 mm 30 mm 60 mm Lee Lian Foo pic 260 mm

60 Bagworms = Dangerous Pests bagworms (P. pendula, M. plana and M. corbetti) have been declared in Federal Government Gazette (2013) as Dangerous Pests. Fine - RM 1000 to more than RM Estate owner fined if pest not controlled

61 Recently large areas affected by bagworms occurred in Lower Perak (8500 ha in 2011) and northern Johore areas (3000 ha in 2012) Aerial spaying of Bt product contributed to more than 50% reduction of bagworm population by 30 days after treatment (Mohd Mazmira et al., 2013). Bagworm before spraying x At 50% reduction, bagworm alive x Remarks AT-action threshold 10 5 AT of large sp AT of small sp > AT, to respray damage continue AT, to respray damage continue AT, to respray damage continue

62 CONCLUSION Rats and leaf eating caterpillars are important pests Rat baiting - widely practiced to control rat problems - serious acute rat outbreaks Leaf eating caterpillars - create awareness to estate management - early detection and treatment - efficient application of selective insecticide Spraying & Trunk Injection Continue to discover and develop new measures for cost-effective control

63 TERIMA KASIH, 谢谢, THANK YOU, NANDRI.